Volume 27, No. 1 (March, 2026)

1. Sofyan Samad*, Adnan Sofyan1, Rima Melati, Sartika Syafi, Shubzan Andi Mahmud, Hayun Abdullah and Mediyana Udin [Evaluation of a novel liquid organic fertiliser for enhancing upland (Gogo) rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity under dryland conditions]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 1-6 (2026). Magister Program in Agricultural Science, Graduate School, Universitas Khairun, H.M. Yusuf Abdul Rahman Street, Gambesi Village, South Ternate District 97719, North Maluku, Indonesia *(e-mail: sofyansamad12@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Gogo rice is a strategic crop for national food security, particularly in dryland areas with limited water availability. This study evaluated the effect of a new Liquid Organic Fertiliser (LOF) formula on the growth and yield of gogo rice under dryland conditions. The experiment was arranged in a Randomised Block Design with seven treatments: A0 (control), A1 (250 mL), A2 (500 mL), A3 (700 mL), A4 (1000 mL), A5 (2000 mL), and A6 (2500 mL), each with three replications. The results showed that the new LOF significantly affected all observed parameters. Treatment A6 produced the highest values for plant height (110.66 cm), number of leaves (16), leaf length (59.71 cm), number of tillers (17), panicle length (29.15 cm), grain weight per panicle (5.36 g), per clump (33.96 g), and per plot (580.33 g), while A0 showed the lowest values. The superior performance of the LOF is attributed to its complete macro and micronutrient content, which enhances vegetative growth, flowering, and grain development. These findings demonstrate that the new LOF formula has strong potential as an effective biofertiliser to improve gogo rice productivity in dryland systems and support sustainable food security.

2. Ankita Priyadarshini, Subhaprada Dash*, Ashok Kumar Mohapatra, Jagmohan Lal Gulati, Jagadish Jena, Prakash Ranjan Behera and Manoranjan Arakha [Integrated nitrogen and weed management on crop growth, soil biology and weed dynamics in aerobic rice]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 7-15 (2026). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar-751003, India *(e-mail: subhapradadash@soa.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

Aerobic rice systems require efficient nutrient and weed management to sustain productivity, yet complex nitrogen dynamics and severe weed competition often reduce growth and yield. Scientific evidence on the combined effects of integrated nitrogen sources and weed management strategies in aerobic rice remains limited. A two-year split-plot field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2023 and 2024 to investigate the effect of integrated nitrogen and weed management practices on crop growth, soil microbial attributes, and weed density in aerobic rice. The experiment comprised of four levels of nutrient management treatments in main plot, (N1 – 100% STBNR (Soil Test Based Nitrogen Recommendation), N2 – 75% STBNR + 25% nitrogen supplied through FYM (Farm Yard Manure), N3 – 75% STBNR + Soil application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum, and N4 – 75% STBNR + 25% nitrogen supplied through FYM + soil application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum) and four sub plot treatments comprised of Pendimethalin (1 kg/ha) applied one day after sowing followed by bispyribac-sodium at 25 DAS; a stale seedbed (15 DBS) followed by brown manuring plus bispyribac-sodium (25 g/ha) at 25 DAS; a stale seedbed (15 DBS) followed by one hand weeding at 25 DAS; and a weedy check replicated thrice. The results revealed significant interaction between nitrogen and weed management across the pooled years. The treatment, combining 75% STBNR + 25% N through FYM + Azotobacter and Azospirillum with SSB fb 1 HW at 25 DAS, recorded the tallest plants (74.2 cm) and the highest LAI (4.19), statistically at par with the same under SSB fb BM. This treatment also exhibited a notably higher bacterial population and microbial biomass, indicating improved soil biology and nutrient availability. The lowest weed density was observed in 75% STBNR +25% nitrogen through FYM with SSB fb BM (7.15 no./m²), which was at par with 75% STBNR +Azotobacter and Azospirillum with SSB fb BM. Plant height, and LAI showed significant positive correlations with bacterial population and microbial biomass carbon and negative correlations with total weed density and weed biomass, whereas weed indices strong positive relationships with weed density and biomass.

3. Md. Parvez Anwar*, Mst. Munni Khatun, Anjon Mallick, Md Masud Rana, Fahmida Farzana Liza, AKM Mominul Islam and Swapan Kumar Paul [Influence of plant density and spatial orientation on the competitive ability of spring wheat against weeds]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 16-26 (2026). Department of Agronomy Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh *(e-mail: parvezanwar@bau.edu.bd)

ABSTRACT

Weed infestation poses a significant challenge to wheat production worldwide. Effective weed management is crucial, yet depending solely on chemical herbicides or mechanical removal can be costly and environmentally unfavourable. This study aims to evaluate the effects of different plant densities and spatial arrangements on the ability of spring wheat to suppress weed growth. Five seed rates, viz. 100, 120, 140, 160, and 180 kg/ha and three seeding methods viz, continuous sowing in 20 cm, 15 cm, and 10 cm apart lines, were tested using a randomised complete block design with three replicates. Results revealed that an increase in seed rate and the practice of narrower row spacings led to a consistent decline in weed density and weed biomass. The highest wheat dry matter accumulation, yield parameters and grain yield were achieved with 160 kg/ha seed rate sown in 15 cm lines. A significant negative correlation was found between the grain yield of wheat and weed density as well as weed dry matter, indicating that increases in weed infestation adversely affect wheat production. Regression analysis demonstrated that grain yield decreases by 59.4 kg/ha for each additional gram of weed dry matter per square meter. Based on these findings, it is recommended to adopt a seed rate of 160 kg/ha with continuous sowing in 15 cm rows to optimise wheat productivity while effectively managing weeds. The findings of this study will provide evidence-based recommendations for farmers seeking to adopt integrated weed management practices that are environmentally sustainable.

4. BOUMARAF WARDA*, BERGAL AMIRA, BOUKSIBA CHAHRAZED AND NEFLA LOUBNA [Monitoring physiological and biochemical responses of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with wastewater in Algeria]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 27-31 (2026). Laboratory of Environmental Science and Agricultural Ecology Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences University of Chadli Bendjedid, EL-Tarf, B.P73, 36000, Algeria *(e-mail: w.boumaraf@univ-eltarf.dz

ABSTRACT

Growing freshwater scarcity has intensified the use of wastewater for irrigation in Algeria’s agricultural regions, offering nutrients but posing risks of salinity and soilde gradation. In peri-urban areas along Oued Seybouse, the quality of such water and its impact on crop performance remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, the objective of this workis to study the effect of wastewater from Wadi Seybouse on soft wheat physiological and biochemical parameters. This water is used for the cultivation of cereals in the Guelma region of Northeast of Algeria. The study was carried out in 2024, two genotypes of soft wheat, “Arz and Hiddab,” were transplanted and irrigated with two types of water samples (wastewater and ordinary water). The parameters included biomass and content of chlorophyll, total protein, soluble sugar and proline. The monitoring of biochemical parameters showed an increase in the content of soluble sugars and proline for the plants treated with wastewater compared to the control plants. The results indicate the accumulation of osmolytes (sugars and proline), which is a reliable sign of tolerance to abiotic stress. Certainly, wastewater showed a more significant impact on proline content, which proves that this biochemical parameteris a bioindicator factor of pollution in soft wheat. Physico-chemical analysis showed that Seybouse. River wastewater exceeded WHO and FAO irrigation standards due to organic nitrogen and nutrient pollution. Wastewater irrigation induced variety-dependent changes in wheat physiology and biochemistry, with Hiddab exhibiting greater tolerance, indicating the need for cautious refuse under water scarcity.

5. Muqdad Ali Abdullah*, Sawsan Ahmed Khalaf Elhadeeti and Falah Abood Sabit [The role of iron oxide-nanoparticles in protecting wheat seeds from infestation by Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae)]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 32-42 (2026). Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture/University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: muqdad@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

A study was carried out to assess the effect of indirect treatment with iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) green synthesized by Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves extract on some biotic sides of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum through wheat seeds treatment in the Laboratory of Economic Insects, Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, Baghdad University, Baghdad Governorate, Iraq. The synthesized IONs were characterized through Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The average mean diameter of IONs was 47.94 nm with a spherical shape, which falls within the nanoscale range. The results displayed the increasing effectiveness of IONs directly with increasing concentration. The highest concentration (3000 ppm) recorded the highest hatching inhibition rate at all temperatures and exposure periods (Ep). At 40°C, the highest inhibition rate was recorded, reaching 77.66% at a concentration of 3000 ppm after 60 hours (Ep), which was considered as the best result. The best lethal effect on T. castaneum larvae was recorded at a concentration of 3000 ppm at a temperature of 40°C and after an E.p of 60 hours, with a mortality rate reaching 100%. Regarding the mortality rate of T. castaneum pupae, at a concentration of 2000 ppm, the effect began to appear with the rise in temperature and the increase in the Ep; the highest mortality rate was recorded at a concentration of 3000 ppm, reaching a peak at 40°C at 50.66% after 60 hours. As for its effect on mortality rate of the adults, it was found increasing in the rates to reach the highest effectiveness recorded at a concentration of 3000 ppm, and at the same concentration, the mortality rates were higher at temperatures of 35°C and 40°C compared to 30°C, and the mortality rate reached 98.33% at a concentration of 3000 ppm and at temperature of 40°C after 60 hours.

6. Al-Khafaji Mustafa J.*, Baday, S. J. S., Alwan, A. L. and Jasim A. M. [Improving tolerance to drought stress in wheat through physiological stimulation of seeds]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 43-52 (2026). 1Department of Field Crops, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: mustafa@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

Desert wheat’s global importance and expended cultivation in Iraq seed germination and early vigour remain highly sensitive to environmental stress, seed quality and nutrient arability limited understanding of the combine effect of gibberellins, nano zinc and Trichoderma extract, constrain strategies to enhance germination, stress tolerance and sustainable productivity. Therefor this research aims to determine the effectiveness of gibberellins, Trichoderma extract, and zinc oxide nanoparticles in increasing plant tolerance to drought stress. The study comprised two experiments; the first was a field experiment using the following treatments: seeds soaked for 12 hours in gibberellins at a concentration of 1 g/L, Trichoderma extract at a concentration of 1 ml/L, and zinc oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 1 g/L. Four treatment replications were performed, and the seeds were sown in soil supplemented with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) at levels of 0 and 6 g/L for two growing seasons (spring and autumn). The second experiment was a laboratory experiment using the same treatments and replications for wheat seeds. The results revealed that the grain yield reached 6.8 and 7.4 t/ha, with dry plant weights of 169.1 and 175.3 g, 1000-grain weights of 49.1 and 52.4 g, and relative growth rates of 5.1 and 6.2 g/day for plants grown in soil containing 0 and 6 grams of polyethylene glycol, respectively. The stress tolerance index was 3.444, and the accumulation rates of catalase were 4.11 and 5.28 unit/min/g, peroxidase 5.32 and 5.23 unit/min/g, carbohydrates 34.7 and 37.8 mg/g, and proline 30.1 and 33.5 µg/g in seeds treated with a mixture of gibberellins, Trichoderma extract, and zinc nanoparticles, which were grown in soil containing 0 and 6 grams of PEG, respectively, compared to the control treatment which recorded lower rates for the same traits. The results of the laboratory experiment showed that treating the seeds with a mixture of gibberellins, zinc oxide nanoparticles and Trichoderma extract led to a clear increase in the percentage of the first and final count by 98.3% for each, in feather length and dry radicle weight by 6.1 and 12.9 cm, and 5.4 and 11.0 mg respectively, and in seedling viability by 1867. This confirms the importance of adding all treatments to improve wheat’s tolerance to drought, especially in the autumn.

7. I. S. Agasyeva, V. Ya. Ismailov, M. V. Petrishcheva*, E. O. Goloborodko and V.S. Petrishchev [Effect of biological agents on changes in the number of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hbn.) in the Cenosis of corn (Zea mays L.)]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 53-58 (2026). Federal Research Centre of Biological Plant Protection Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai, 350039, Russia *(e-mail: m.v.petrishcheva@mymail.academy)

ABSTRACT

Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops. The most significant damage to the corn crop is caused by the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hbn.), which harms more than 60 crops and feeds and reproduces on 67 species of wild plants. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of biological preparations against this dangerous pest. The evaluation was conducted over two years (2023–2024) in the central zone of the Krasnodar Territory (Russia), at the Kononenko Farm in the Dinskoy district, on corn crops. The studied preparations Biostop, Zh; Akkar, Zh, and Bioslip BV, Zh were compared with the reference bioinsecticide Lepidocide, P. The production assessment was carried out on an area of 2 ha in a triple repetition using the preparation Biostop, Zh. The biological effectiveness of the tested preparations was determined by the number of caterpillars per ear of corn before and after treatment. The treatment time was determined using pheromone traps with a synthetic analog of the cotton bollworm pheromone. It was shown that biological preparations reduced the number of cotton bollworms. On average, over two years, the effectiveness of Bioslip BV, Zh was 40.2-62.2%; Akkar, Zh – 69.9-83.2%; and Biostop, Zh – 73.4-90.0%. Production tests of Biostop, Zh showed that it limited the number of cotton bollworms during the growing season. Thus, on 27.07.2023, the number of caterpillars in the control variant was 18.5 specimens/50 plants, and in the experimental variant, 4.7 specimens/50 plants. In 2024, the values were 12.4 and 3.4 specimens/50 plants, respectively. The two-year data obtained showed high biological effectiveness of Akkar, Zh, and Biostop, Zh.

8. T. A. T. TRAN, T. S. TRINH AND T. T. H. HOANG* [Efficiency of inoculation and split application of nitrogen on soybean (Glycine max L.) biomass and yield in coastal sandy soils of Central Vietnam]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 59-64 (2026). University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam *(e-mail: htthoa@hueuni.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

Soybean is an important crop in cropping systems due to their high nutritional value and role in improving soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation. However, nitrogen availability remains a major limitation in coastal sandy soils, where efficient use of inoculation and nitrogen fertiliser is critical for crop productivity. Research on the combined effects of seed inoculation and nitrogen fertiliser application timing in soybean is still limited in the coastal sandy soils of Central Vietnam. This study aims to identify the best combination between inoculation and split application of N fertiliser for maximising soybean productivity in Hue city, Vietnam. Field experiments were conducted in two cropping seasons in 2025. Six treatment combinations comprising inoculations (without and with inoculation) and N fertiliser application times (1, 2 and 3) were studied on the DT90 soybean variety. The treatments were arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The results indicated that root and shoot biomass, yield and soil N were significantly affected by the inoculation and N fertiliser split application (p<0.05). The highest shoot biomass (19.5 – 25.1 g/plant), economic yield (2.57 – 3.50 t/ha t/ha) and soil N (31.9 – 32.8 and 14.5 – 15.2 mg/kg) were obtained at treatment of inoculation and 3 times of N fertiliser application. Therefore, this combination could be used as the best practice for soybean production in coastal sandy soil of Hue city, Central Vietnam.

9. OMAR ALSALAM*, TEEBA MOBARKAH, HUSIAN A. ISA, ABDULGHAFOUR IBRAHIM HAMAD AND SANARYA SABAH MOHAMMED [Soil formation assessment using depth function of Entisols and Mollisols in Iraq]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 65-76 (2026). University of Baghdad, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences Department of Soil Science and Water Resources, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: omar.t@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

Soil formation is strongly influenced by the redistribution and loss of major elements such as Ca, Mg, K, and Na, processes which are controlled by parent material, weathering, and climate. The depth function (ô) provides a quantitative measure of these element changes (Fasina et al., 2021) and is a valuable tool for assessing soil weathering and horizon development. However, in Iraq, studies using geochemical indicators, particularly the depth function, to evaluate Mollisols and Entisols under varying climatic conditions are lacking. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the behavior of major elements through the evaluation of the depth function (ô) for Mollisols and Entisols soil horizons in Iraq as a function of climate, in addition to describing the morphological, physical, chemical, and geochemical differences of these soils. The study included two different sites: the first site is the soils of Erbil, characterized by a semi-humid climate and representing Mollisols, and the second site is the soils of Baghdad, with an arid climate and representing Entisols. Two pedons were selected for each site. The results generally showed a decrease in the major elements (Al, Si, Na, K), while the proportions of (Fe, Mg, Ca) increased in Mollisols. Differences in the distribution of the depth function (ô) for the studied soils reflect the importance of soil water balance in controlling the differences between downward leaching in Mollisols and upward evaporation of dissolved substances in Entisols. Developed soils containing the Bt clay horizon (clay accumulation horizon) were found as a result of prevailing climatic conditions with increased rainfall, which led to increased activity of leaching and loss processes and the formation of Argillic and Calcic horizons in Mollisols, in addition to dark color development and the occurrence of Melanization and Rubification in these soils. Entisols, on the other hand, did not show any clear developmental features in their horizons due to hot, dry conditions. This study confirmed the existence of variation in soil formation, attributed to differences in parent material, prevailing climate, and their influence on processes such as leaching, loss, and calcification.

10. Korneeva E. A.* [Assessment and modelling of desertification risk and economic impacts in an arid agricultural region of Russia]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 77-83 (2026). Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation Russian Academy of Sciences, 400062, Volgograd, 97, University Ave., Russia *(e-mail: korneeva.eva@list.ru)

ABSTRACT

Desertification poses a critical constraint to sustainable crop production in arid and semi-arid zones, where conventional linear risk assessments often fail to capture threshold-driven ecosystem shifts. This study develops and validates a nonlinear desertification risk model grounded in the tipping-point concept, integrating key soil and topographic drivers–specifically, the expansion rates of eroded and secondary saline soils, slope gradient, and humus depletion. Each driver is transformed via sigmoidal functions to explicitly represent the nonlinear transition from stable baseline conditions through a critical threshold into a degradation regime. Validated at the municipal level in the Volgograd region of Russia, the model shows strong concordance with independent Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) metrics and official economic damage assessments, identifying areas with the most negative LDN values as actively degrading. Scenario analysis further demonstrates that agroecological interventions are most effective during the transitional phase, capable of reducing integrated risk by up to 40%. The framework thus provides a practical, decision support tool for spatially targeted risk diagnosis, land use prioritisation, and enhancing the ecological and economic resilience of dryland cropping systems.

11. Manar A. F. Hassan* [Enhancing growth of apple saplings (Malus domestica Borkh.) through combined application of organic fertilizer and chelated iron]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 84-91 (2026). Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: manar.a@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

Apple is a widely cultivated fruit with high economic and nutritional value, yet its productivity is constrained by nutrient limitations and environmental stresses. Optimising the use of nitrogen-rich nano-fertilisers and chelated iron is essential to enhance vegetative growth, chlorophyll synthesis, and overall sapling performance. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of Optimus plus fertiliser and Chelated Iron on the vegetative growth and quality parameters of the apple saplings (var. Ibrahimi). The study was conducted during Autumn (October – December, 2023) and Spring (March – May 2024) at the Horticulture and Landscape Gardening Department, College of Agriculture, Lath House, University of Karbala, Iraq. A factorial experiment was applied using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications. The first factor consisted of three concentrations of Optimus Plus nano fertilizer (0, 1, and 2 mL/L), and the second factor included three concentrations of chelated iron (0, 75, and 150 mg/L). Saplings were foliar-sprayed five times at one-week intervals. The results indicated that the application of Optimus Plus nano fertiliser at 2 mL/L and Chelated Iron at 150 mg/L, as well as their combined interaction, significantly improved vegetative growth traits. These included the increase in seedling height (3.260 cm, 8.33 cm), stem diameter(0.309 mm,0.713mm), leaf number(1.736 leaf\seedling,1.602 leaf\seedling) leaf area (475.3 cm2, 664.9 cm2), chlorophyll (44.84 SPAD unit, 47.02 SPAD unit), protein content in the leaves (6.752%, 10.473%), dry weight of the vegetative biomass (67.43g,71.88g) and leaf content of essential nutrients (NPK and Fe) (1.080%, 1.686% – 0.285%.0.306% -1.342%,1.316%-129.78%,149.00%) for both seasons. The finding of the current study indicates that nano-fertiliser Optimus Plus and chelated Iron, when used independently or together, had a positive effect on vegetation and quality growth properties in the “ var.Ibrahim” apple saplings.

12. RASHA RAAD MOHAMMED*, MAHA A. HUSSEIN AND M. B. ALWAN [Effect of postharvest treatments and packaging type on shelf life and quality of local sour lemon (Citrus limon L.) fruits]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 92-98 (2026). Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: rasha.raad@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

Lemon is a nutritionally and commercially important Citrus fruit, yet it experiences considerable postharvest losses due to rapid quality deterioration during storage. Using environmentally friendly postharvest treatments has emerged as a practical approach for maintaining fruit quality and prolonging shelf life, offering safer alternatives to chemical-based preservation methods. Therefore, the present study aimed to extend the storage life of locally grown sour lemon fruits and preserve their physical and chemical attributes by applying eco-friendly treatments, while also determining the most suitable packaging type under these conditions. A storage experiment was conducted at the Postharvest Care and Storage Laboratory, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, from 20 October 2024 to 24 December 2024. The experiment followed a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and three replicates (2×7×3). The first factor involved packaging the fruits in foam trays and plastic trays, designated as F and B, respectively. The second factor consisted of immersing fruits for 5 minutes in the following solutions: distilled water (C), 10% and 15% gum Arabic (G1 and G2), 250 and 500 mL/L pomegranate peel extract (R1 and R2), and 0.5 and 1.0 mL/L eucalyptus oil (O1 and O2). The interaction between the two experimental factors demonstrated that combining plastic-tray packaging with immersion in 1 mL/L eucalyptus oil yielded the highest physical and chemical quality indicators in the fruits, both at the end of the storage period and following conditioning. This treatment reduced weight loss to 3.79% and 6.87%, maintained peel thickness at 2.49 and 2.33 mm, vitamin C at 43.00 and 40.33 mg/100 g fresh weight, acidity at 4.60% and 4.43%, chlorophyll content in the peel at the end of cold storage (0.78 mg/100 g), and total phenolic at 56.33 and 85.00mg/100 g fresh weight.

13. MIKHAIL MONAKHOS*, YULIYA SMOTROVA, OLGA RAZUMOVA, VARVARA KOROBKOVA AND DMITRY ROMANOV [The potential for physical gene localization on compact chromosomes of Citrus plants using Tyramide-FISH]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 99-104 (2026). 1All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology 127550 Moscow, Russia *(e-mail: mihaluch1864@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Citrus species have very small, compact chromosomes that hinder physical gene localization by conventional FISH technique. This study evaluates whether Tyramide-FISH can reliably localize short, gene-derived cDNA probes on metaphase chromosomes and provides a cDNA resource for mapping. Total RNA from 21 Rutaceae accessions (Citrus, Fortunella, Poncirus) was used to construct random-fragment cDNA libraries (216 clones, 86 Sanger-sequenced). Selected large-insert cDNAs were DIG-labeled and hybridized to root-tip metaphase spreads. Signals were detected with anti-DIG-POD and tyramide-Cy3 amplification. Images were acquired by epifluorescence microscopy and analyzed with DRAWID to place probes on ideograms. Tyramide-FISH produced reproducible, locus-specific signals for four cDNA probes on homologous chromosome pairs in different Rutaceae taxa, demonstrating successful localization on distal chromosome arms. Some accessions yielded too few high-quality spreads for mapping. Overall, Tyramid-FISH is shown to be a practical approach for physical gene mapping on compact Citrus chromosomes, and the generated cDNA collection constitutes a useful resource for further cytogenetic and genomic work.

14. P. L. MORIFI, K. M. POFU, S. M. LAURIE AND P. W. MASHELA* [Host-status of ARC biofortified sweet potato lines and cultivars to Meloidogyne incognita]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 105-110 (2026). 1University of Limpopo, Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, Republic of South Africa *(e-mail: phatu.mashela@ul.ac.za)

ABSTRACT

The successful production of biofortified sweet potato cultivars is being limited by the wide distribution of the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), which is historically one of the most aggressive thermophilic Meloidogyne species. Thus, it is increasingly important to include nematode resistant germplasm in breeding biofortified sweet potato cultivars. The objective of this study was to determine the host status of 18 biofortified sweet potato lines and cultivars to M. incognita, with cv. ‘Beauregard’ serving as a susceptible standard at the University of Limpopo, South Africa. The experiment was conducted in spring 2023 and validated in 2024. Each line, in 20 cm-diameter pots, was irrigated with 250 ml water every other day and inoculated with 250 eggs + second-stage juveniles. Fifty-six days after inoculation, the reproductive potential (RP = total eggs + juveniles/g fresh roots) less than unity suggested that four sweet potato lines ‘ARC-SP-8’, FS5-2, FS1-1 and ‘Khumo’ were non-host to M. incognita in Experiment 1, whereas in Experiment 2, lines 2013-26-5, FS5-2-, 2015-2-1 and ‘Khumo’ were non-host. In conclusion, non-host germplasm to the test nematode exists in some biofortified sweet potato lines, which should further be assessed for resistance against the nematode.

15. T. M. RAPHALALANI, Y. M. MAILA* AND M. S. MPHOSI [Evaluation of antioxidant capacity in sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] cultivars for functional food applications]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 111-116 (2026). Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Limpopo Agro-Food Technology Station, University of Limpopo, Private Bag x1106, Sovenga, 0727, Polokwane, South Africa *(e-mail: yvonne.maila@ul.ac.za)

ABSTRACT

Underutilisation of nutrient-rich traditional crops like the sweet potato (SP) poses challenges in food security as well as health problems. To date, other fruits and vegetable crops have been used successfully in the manufacturing of various food products due to their excellent nutrient properties. However, the suitability of the different SP cultivars on the development of antioxidant-rich food products has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant levels of different SP cultivars suitable for use in the development of antioxidant-rich SP food products. Four SP cultivars, ‘Bophelo’, ‘Blesbok’, ‘Mvuvhelo’ and ‘Mafutha’ were used. The study was a 4 × 2 factorial, with the treatments arranged in a CRD, with 5 replications, where factor A was SP cultivars and factor B was the processing methods (‘peeled’ and ‘unpeeled’). The ‘unpeeled Bophelo’ cultivar served as a standard. Data on total phenolic (TP), beta carotene (BC) and vitamin C (Vit C) were determined. The interaction of SP cultivars and processing methods indicated highly significant (Pd” 0.01) effects in TP, BC and Vit C for all tested SP cultivars. Relative to the standard SP, ‘peeled Mvuvhelo’, followed by ‘peeled Blesbok’ and ‘peeled Mafutha’, contained higher TP of 39.75, 37.02 and 36.06 mg GAE/100gdw, respectively. The highest BC content (75.62 µg/100g) was recorded in the standard (‘unpeeled Blesbok’) SP, followed by the ‘unpeeled Mafutha’ (70.79 µg/100g), ‘peeled Bophelo’ (49.80 µg/100g) and ‘peeled Mafutha’ (38.90 µg/100g), respectively. ‘Blesbok’ SP cultivar exhibited the highest Vit C content in both ‘unpeeled’ and ‘peeled’ forms, comprising 52.56 and 41.57 µg/100g, respectively, when compared to the standard. In conclusion, the high accumulation of the tested antioxidants was observed in ‘Bophelo and Mvuvhelo’, SP cultivars except for Vit C, which was the highest in the ‘Blesbok’ cultivar.

16. Gasparyan Sh*, Levshin A and Ivashova [Cluster analysis for assessing climatic factors in the cultivation of two crops of early potato varieties in the Russian Federation]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 117-128 (2026). Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russia *(e-mail: gas_shag@rgau-msha.ru)

ABSTRACT

A feature of agricultural production in the Russian Federation is that over 70% of its territory lies within the risky farming zone. Climatic uncertainties, particularly temperature and precipitation variability, threaten stable crop yields. Existing statistical methods remain insufficient, necessitating advanced approaches like cluster analysis for reliable climate-yield assessments. Based on this the present investigation was conducted during 2017 to 2023 at the Russian State Agrarian University, All-Russian Institute and of Agrochemistry named after D. Pryanishnikov to application of cluster analysis for the selection of varieties when cultivating varieties of 2 crops of Potato in the changing climate The methodology for applying Data Mining technologies using the Loginom 7.2 platform was developed and tested on six years of potato field data. Climatic factors (decadal temperature and precipitation) were clustered using the k-means algorithm after preprocessing. Results revealed that three clusters provided the most balanced distribution in the k-means analysis. In the first planting, clusters accounted for 24%, 39% and 37% of observations, while in the second planting, the distribution was 31%, 25% and 44%. Climatic factors such as decadal temperature and rainfall, along with yield data of 11 early potato varieties over six years, were analysed. Yields were higher in the first planting (510 g/bush) compared to the second (468 g/bush). The clusters represented favourable, unfavourable and intermediate climatic conditions influencing crop productivity. It can be concluded that clustering climate data into three groups helps assess weather, predict yields, plan necessary farming interventions, and guide the choice of crop varieties.

17. Mushtak F. Karomi Kisko*, Noor Yasoob A. AND Hamid H. Murbat [Effects of cold plasma and serotonin on growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 129-134 (2026). Department of Biology, College of Science for Women University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: mushtakkisko@csw.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

Tomato is an economically important crop rich in antioxidants, yet poor seed germination during harsh winter conditions remains a major constraint to productivity. Although cold plasma technology and serotonin are known to enhance seed vigour, growth, and physiological processes through ROS regulation, their combined or individual effects on tomato growth and yield are not fully understood. Therefore, this study was carried out at the department of biology, college of science for women, university of Baghdad, between January and July 2024, to assessed the effects of cold plasma and exogenous serotonin on seed germination, growth traits, and yield of tomato. Hybrid tomato seeds (JEDA) were subjected to plasma jet treatments for different durations (0, 60 and 180 seconds) and then treated with serotonin foliar sprays at three concentrations (0, 100, and 200 µmol/L) as a factorial experiment (3×3) following a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates and 5 plants per replicate. Results showed a significant increase in the percentage and speed of seed germination, especially after 60 s plasma exposure. Vegetative parameters, such as plant height, and leaf area, were notably improved with combined plasma and serotonin treatments. Additionally, Chlorophyll levels increased from 62.92 to 78.26 mg/100g, vitamin C by 33.3%. Notably, the combination of 60 s plasma with 100 µmol/L serotonin increased yield to 1577.7 from 432.5 g/plant in the control. These findings highlight the potential of non-thermal plasma and serotonin as eco-friendly, sustainable approaches to enhance tomato productivity.

18. Mandlenkosi P. Sigogo and Nicholus M. Mnyambo* [Evaluation of the nematicidal potential of mulberry (Morus alba) extracts against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 135-141 (2026). Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences University of Mpumalanga, Private Bag X11283, Mbombela 1200, South Africa *(e-mail: nicholus.mnyambo@ump.ac.za)

ABSTRACT

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita (Kofold & White) Chitwood) are among the most damaging pests affecting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production globally, leading to significant yield losses. Conventional control using synthetic nematicides is increasingly constrained due to environmental, health, and regulatory concerns, highlighting the need for safe and sustainable alternatives. This study evaluated the nematicidal potential of Morus alba L. (mulberry) leaf extracts and their effects on tomato growth parameters under controlled experimental conditions. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, phenols, glycosides, tannins, and terpenoids, indicating strong bioactivity. Treatments consisted of varying extract application rates (5–25 g/plant) applied either before or after nematode inoculation. Results showed that application of mulberry extracts significantly (P < 0.05) reduced nematode population densities and improved plant growth compared to untreated controls. The 15 g treatment applied before nematode inoculation produced the most pronounced suppression of nematode juveniles and eggs, coupled with enhanced root and stem growth. These effects are attributed to the phytochemical constituents of the extract, which may interfere with nematode metabolism and reproduction while promoting plant vigour. The findings suggest that M. alba extracts possess promising nematicidal potential and can be developed as eco-friendly biocontrol agents for sustainable tomato production.

19. Sura M. Abdul Majeed and Mushtak F. Karomi Kisko* [Cold plasma seed priming enhances salinity tolerance in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 142-149 (2026). 1Department of Biology, College of Science University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: mushtakkisko@csw.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

Salinity is a major environmental constraint that limits sweet pepper productivity by causing ionic imbalance, oxidative stress, and metabolic disruption. This study assessed non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) cold plasma as a seed-priming technique to enhance salinity tolerance in vitro conditions and at the pot stage. Seeds were exposed to cold plasma for 60 and 180 seconds and germinated under different NaCl concentrations. Growth traits, physiological responses, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the expression of the stress-related gene CaPOD were investigated. The results revealed that plasma treatment, especially at 180 seconds, significantly improved germination percentage (91.67%) compared with untreated controls (75%) and enhanced plant height, leaf area, and root dry weight. Under salinity stress, plasma-treated plants exhibited increased antioxidant capacity, as indicated by higher catalase (0.874 U/mL) and superoxide dismutase (148.28 U/mL) activities, along with greater proline accumulation. Gene expression analysis revealed significant upregulation of CaPOD under salinity conditions, with further enhancement following plasma priming; CaPOD showed the strongest response. Overall, DBD cold plasma seed priming represents an effective and eco-friendly approach to improving salinity tolerance in sweet pepper by enhancing antioxidant defence mechanisms and osmoprotection.

20. Yasamin F. Saloom*, Abeer D. Salman and Rawaa G. Al-Hilfie [Effect of integrated nutrient management using pigeon manure, biofertilizer and boron on quantitative and qualitative traits of green onion (Allium fistulosum L.)]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 150-156 (2026). 1Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: yasamen.f@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

Despite the recognised importance of green onion as a nutritionally and medicinally valuable crop in Iraq, its production heavily depends on chemical fertilisers, which degrade soil fertility and environmental quality. Although organic manure, biofertilizers, and micronutrients such as boron individually improve soil health and crop performance, limited information is available on their integrated application under local agro-ecological conditions. In this regard, an experiment was conducted during the 2024-25 fall season at the fields of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq to study the effects of integrated nutrients managements on growth, yield and quality of bunching onion (Allium fistulosum), under split plot within randomized completed blocks design (RCBD) with three replications by using three factors the first was pigeon manure as main plot factor at three levels (0, 5, 10 t/ha) mixed with field soil before planting. While the second was foliar spraying of liquid biofertilizer (EM AGRO) applied at (0, 1, 2 mL/L) and the third was boron at two levels (0, 50 mg/L) considered as sub-plot factors. The results revealed that the three-way interaction treatment of pigeon manure at a concentration of (10 t/ha liquid biofertilizer (EM AGRO) at a concentration of (2 mL/L), and foliar application of boron at a concentration of (50 mg/L) T2E2B1 significantly outperformed other treatments in plant height and leaf area, yielding (58.93 cm and 15.14 dm²) respectively. Furthermore, the treatment also outperformed in the qualitative indicators of onion bulbs with higher vitamin C, tannins, reduced DPPH, and total phenols, and yielding 16.90 mg/100g, 48.87 mg/100g, 0.49 mg/100g, and 42.67 mg/100g, respectively. In contrast, the treatment of pigeon manure at a concentration of (5 t/ha) and liquid biofertilizer (EM AGRO) at a concentration of (2 mL/L) was superior. The application of 50 mg/L boron (T1E2B1) with a boron spray at a concentration of 50 mg/L significantly resulted in a higher yield of 83.3 t/ha.

21. NGUYEN PHAN HA VI, CHAU VO TRUNG THONG, PHAN THI BE, PHAN THI LAM, NGUYEN THI THU HANG AND NGUYEN VAN DUC* [Effects of mulching materials on the growth and yield of shallots (Allium ascolonicum L.) in Hue city, Vietnam]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 157-162 (2026). Green Life Farm, Huong An Commune Huong Tra Town, Hue city, Central Vietnam *(e-mail: nguyenvanduc@hueuni.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

Shallots are an economically and nutritionally important bulb crop in Vietnam with strong potential to enhance and diversify farmer income in Huong Tra Town, Hue City. Despite favourable soil water and climatic conditions, optimised cultivation practices, particularly the selection of suitable mulching materials, remain inadequately studied for local shallot production. Therefore, evaluating the effects of different mulching materials, including reused agricultural by-products, on shallot growth and yield is essential for improving productivity and sustainability in Central Vietnam. To further evaluate, a study was conducted during the spring season of 2024 at the GREEN LIFE Farm, Huong Tra Town, Central Vietnam. The study comprised five mulching practices, including no mulching as control, and mulching with buckwheat stems, rice husks, peanut shells and beach sand. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Each plot measured ten square meters with uniform spacing and a standard planting density. The results from this study revealed that rice husk (T3) was the most effective mulching material for shallot cultivation, resulting in superior growth and yield performance, including higher plant height (45.2 ± 1.3 cm), greater number of leaves per plant (8.6 ± 0.4), lower pest and disease incidence (6.3%), and higher bulb yield (18.4 ± 0.6 t/ha) compared to other treatments.

22. SUDAD K. AL-TAWEEL* AND IMAN H. A. AL-ANBARI [Medicinal and nutritional characteristics of white quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds cultivated under semi-arid conditions of Iraq]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 163-170 (2026). 1Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadiriya, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: sudad.altaweel@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

Quinoa is a nutrient-dense and stress-tolerant crop gaining global attention, yet its bioactive compounds and functional qualities remain inadequately studied in many cultivation environments. Although rich in protein, essential amino acids and health-promoting phytochemicals, several varieties are still poorly characterised. Therefore, a research study was conducted at the University of Baghdad’s College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences in 2024. This study aims to identify the phytochemical constituents of Quinoa seeds cultivated in the central region of Iraq. It further seeks to characterize key nutritional and medicinal components, including the amino acid profile, minerals, vitamins, saponins, phytic acid, and secondary bioactive compounds present in the methanolic extract of quinoa seeds. The proximate composition of quinoa seed flour showed a moisture content of 16.9%, protein 8.3%, lipids 5.04%, ash 3.1%, crude fiber 2.15%, and carbohydrates 64.51%. Additionally, raw quinoa seeds exhibited high and well-balanced levels of most essential amino acids (17 amino acids in total), with glutamic acid (2.74%), arginine (1.52%), leucine (1.96%), lysine (0.90%), and glycine (0.90%). These amino acids were also detected at concentrations of 1132, 460, 283, 220, 82.55, and 33.33 ppm, respectively. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of several bioactive and medicinal compounds, with Curcumol (35.59%), linoleic acid (14.98%), vitamin E (7.07%), and 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid (5.56%) identified as the major constituents of quinoa seeds. Furthermore, quinoa seed flour contained appreciable amounts of vitamins, including vitamin C (1.55 mg/kg), vitamin B1 (0.08 mg/kg), vitamin B3 (0.12 mg/kg), vitamin B6 (10.12 mg/kg), vitamin B12 (1.10 mg/kg), and vitamin D3 (46,244 IU/kg), all of which contribute to its antioxidant potential. Quinoa seeds also possess certain therapeutic compounds such as phytic acid (1.1%) and saponins (3.4%). Overall, these findings provide valuable information supporting the nutritional, functional, and medicinal potential of quinoa for future food and feed processing applications.

23. SUDAD K. AL-TAWEEL*, KHALED. E. MAZROU, AWS A. MOHAMMED, AHMED R. MOHAMED MARAY, MOSTAFA M. RADY AND ALAA IDRIS BADAWY ABOU-SREEA [Response of caraway (Carum carvi L.) growth, yield, and essential oil content to organic fertilizers as substitutes for chemical fertilization]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 171-178 (2026). 1Field Crops Department, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad, Al-Jadiriya, Baghdad 10071, Iraq *(e-mail: sudad.altaweel@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

Caraway is a medicinal and aromatic plant valued for its essential oil, yet its yield and oil quality are highly sensitive to nutrient availability. Heavy reliance on chemical fertilisers increases production costs and contributes to environmental degradation, while the potential of organic fertilisers remains underutilized. Based on this, a field experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture in Fayoum, Egypt, during the 2021-22 and 2022-23 seasons. This work aims to investigate the effects of single additions of organic fertilizers, cattle and poultry manure and of combined additions of organic fertilizers with mineral fertilizers on the growth, yield, chemical composition, and essential oil content of caraway plant. The three amendments were applied at five rates: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% alone or in combination as dual or triple treatments. The results showed that integrating a mixture of cattle and poultry manure (50%) with mineral fertilizers (50%) on caraway plants significantly increased seed yield and essential oil yield, as well as yield per plant and per hectare. Moreover, the highest number of umbels was observed without the use of any mineral fertilisers (i.e., 50% of both cattle and poultry manure). As well as cattle and poultry manures, these can be mixed with mineral fertilizers and yield the highest results in all studied parameters of caraway plants, without depending entirely on chemical fertilizers. Hence, it is highly advisable to mix the organic manures (cattle and poultry) along with 25% of mineral fertilisers to help reduce the side effects and the problems of the chemical fertilizers and to achieve the highest results of most organically produced caraway yield.

24. HEE MOON, KYOUNG-SUN SEO AND KYEONG WON YUN* [Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 179-186 (2026). 3Department of Bio-Oriental Medicine Resources Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea *(e-mail: ykw@scnu.ac.kr)

ABSTRACT

The root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi has been used as an oriental medicine resource for heat patterns with high fever. The current study is aimed at assessing in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of S. baicalensis. The disc diffusion and minimal inhibitoty concentration (MIC) method was used to measure the antimicrobial activity of three fractions of ethanol extract from S. baicalensis against three Gram-positive strains, three Gram-negative strains and one yeast. The ether and ethyl acetate fraction of root extract from S. baicalensis demonstrated the lowest MIC value of 0.5 mg/ml or 1.0 mg/ml against the tested microorganisms. All of the tested fractions of the root and shoot exhibited lower MIC value against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans; on the other hand, Lactobacillus brevis and Escherichia coli were not detected for MIC against any tested fractions. The antioxidant activity of the plant was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay. The 70% ethanol extract of the shoot had an IC50 value of 274.84±6.78 µg/mL against DPPH and 103.95±2.82 µg/mL against ABTS, while the 70% ethanol extract of the root had an IC50 value of 302.71±7.82 µg/mL against DPPH and 115.45±3.16 µg/mL against ABTS. The 70% ethanol extract of the shoot exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The root fraction exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than the shoot fraction; on the other hand, the shoot extract exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the root extract. Therefore, the shoot of Scutellaria baicalensis, like the roots, has the potential for natural resources for the food and pharmaceutical industry.

25. USHA SHARMA AND SALEEM SIDDIQUI* [Development, evaluation, and storage of non-heme iron–fortified guava–amaranth ready-to-serve beverage: A functional vegan drink with enhanced nutritional and bioactive properties]. Research on Crops 27 (1): 187-196 (2026). Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Bioscience and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida-201310, Uttar Pradesh, India *(E-mail: saleem.siddiqui@sharda.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to develop and evaluate a functional vegan ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage fortified with non-heme iron, by blending Amaranthus tricolor Linn. leaf extract with guava (Psidium guajava L.) pulp. The beverage was assessed for proximate composition, physicochemical characteristics, phytochemical content, mineral profile, antinutritional factors, and sensory attributes. Out of the different tested formulations, the 7:3 guava to amaranth blend exhibited superior antioxidant activity (77.26%), and improved mineral enrichment, especially in iron (0.48 mg/100 ml), magnesium (7.1 mg/100 ml), and calcium (8.1 mg/100 ml), as compared to guava RTS. The developed RTS showed significant iron bioaccessibility (9.96%). Microbial and sensory evaluation revealed that the pasteurised beverage, packed in glass bottles, remained stable for 90 days at both room and low temperature conditions. Overall, the study demonstrates that fortification of guava RTS with amaranth leaf extract is a promising food-based approach to develop a nutritionally enriched, shelf-stable, non-heme iron fortified functional beverage suitable for vegan populations.

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