Volume 61, Number 1 & 2 (January & March 2026)

1. Naveen Kumar Malothu, Sarath Kumar Duvvada, Ganesh Chandra Malik, Mahua Banerjee* and Subrata Mandal [Effect of seedling treatment and foliar spray on nano DAP on the performance of kharif rice (Oryza Sativa L.)]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 1-7 (2026). Department of Agronomy, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture) Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan-731 236, Birbhum, West Bengal, India *(e-mail: mahua.banerjee@visva-bharati.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

Rice sustains over half the global population, but inefficient fertiliser use (20–50% efficiency) causes nutrient loss and reduces productivity. Fertiliser based on nanotechnology, such as Nano DAP, provide a sustainable way to increase rice yield and nutrient use efficiency, improving germination and seedling vigour in paddy. Investigating nano fertiliser offeINR a modern approach to optimising nutrient management, enhancing soil health, and supporting climate-smart rice cultivation. To evaluate the impact of seedling treatment and foliar spray of Nano DAP on the growth, yield, and economics of rice (variety MTU 1010), a field experiment was carried out during the Kharif season of 2022 at the Agricultural Farm, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, West Bengal. The study combined the recommended fertilising with Nano DAP seedling treatment (5 ml/kg) and/or foliar spray (2 ml/L at 30 DAT) in a randomised block design with nine treatments and three replications. The results showed that T7 (T4 + foliar spray of Nano DAP) had the greatest harvest index (52.48%), grain yield (6.61 t/ha), and straw yield (6.97 t/ha), as well as the highest net return (INR. 85,355/ha) and B:C ratio (1.79). Increased plant height, tiller count, dry matter accumulation, and filled grains per panicle were cited as the reasons for these gains. In comparison to traditional fertilisation, the study shows that combining seedling treatment with nano DAP foliar spray greatly increases rice yield and profitability.

2. NAMBURI SRI SATYA AAKASH, BANDANA RANI BARIK*, CHANDRASEKHAR SAHU AND JNANA BHARATI PALAI [Effect of Greenseeker-based nitrogen management on yield and yield traits of summer rice cultivars]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 8-14 (2026). M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemund-761211, Odisha, India *(e-mail: bandanabarik.ruby@ gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Rice is a key crop for eastern India and the nation as a whole. While inorganic nitrogen fertilisers have boosted yields, their inefficient use causes environmental issues such as greenhouse gas emissions and river eutrophication. Rice productivity largely depends on efficient nitrogen management, and precision approaches like GreenSeeker-based nitrogen application, which adjusts fertiliser rates according to crop reflectance and NDVI, are increasingly popular for enhancing yield while minimising environmental impact. Based on this, the present research was conducted at the Post-Graduation Research Farm, M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, during the summer season of 2024-25. The Experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with 8 treatment combinations consisting of 2 rice varieties (MTU-1010, MTU-1156) and 4 levels of GreenSeeker values (0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8). Rice varieties were taken to observe the response of different nitrogen doses as well as the time of application using GreenSeeker values. The results revealed that the MTU-1156 variety outperformed MTU-1010 in yield attributes and overall yield, including effective tillers, panicle length, filled grains, test weight, grain, straw, and biological yield, due to its superior nitrogen responsiveness, growth, and stress tolerance. Nitrogen application guided by GreenSeeker at 0.7 further enhanced these traits, showing results comparable with an NDVI of 0.8, and strong positive correlations were observed between grain yield and key attributes such as productive tillers, panicle length, filled grains, and test weight. Therefore, the combination of MTU-1156 and nitrogen application at GreenSeeker 0.7 is recommended for summer rice cultivation in South Odisha, India, to achieve maximum productivity and efficiency.

3. V. N. PHAM, H. C. HO, T. H. P. TA, T. D. TRAN, N. T. NGUYEN AND T. T. H. HOANG* [Response of new promising rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines and varieties for processing in South Central Coastal Vietnam]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 15-20 (2026). University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue city, Vietnam *(e-mail: htthoa@hueuni.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

Rice is one of the most important food crops, particularly rice varieties used for processing, which have received increasing attention in recent years due to rising domestic demand and industrial utilization in Vietnam. Systematic evaluation of newly developed rice lines for yield, quality, and adaptability under South Central Coast conditions is necessary due to the decline in suitable processing varieties and the susceptibility of existing cultivars to major pests and diseases. Therefore, field experiment was carried out in summer season 2025 at Da Nang city (South Central Coastal Vietnam) to evaluate the growth, development, yield and quality of new promising rice lines and varieties for processing. Rice variety, namely ML202 (control) and 7 promising lines namely P598, P587, P685, P464, P620, P480, P509 were used for the study with three replications in a randomised complete block design. The results indicated that the highest leaf area index and flag leaf area obtained at the line of P620 (4.75 m2 leaves/m2 soil and 35.16 cm2, respectively) The rice lines and varieties yield produced between 6.42 and 7.45 t/ha, in which yield of P464 and P620 lines were 7.33-7.45 t/ha greater than the control variety of 14.2-16.0%. Amylose content of all studied rice lines and variety were higher than 25%. Promising lines, namely P464 and P620 with the highest yield and good quality categorization for processing were proposed for futher study with other technical practices.

4. RAFID AHMED ABBAS Al-KHALDY, WATHEQ FALHI HAMMOOD AND SUHAD MATHKOOR A. SAFI* [Evaluation of herbicide efficacy and application rates for weed management and sustainable wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 21-28 (2026). College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: suhad.mathkor@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

Pests compete with field crops for essential growth requirements, primarily weeds, which cause significant damage and losses in growth and grain production if left uncontrolled. A field experiment was carried out during the winter season 2024-25 at the Research Stations of the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/ Baghdad University/ Jadriya, to know the effect of Herbicides Atlantes, Navigator and Limitless and different concentrations in the accompanying Weed and the impact on the yield and its components for the wheat crop (Bhoth 22) in order to reduce environmental pollution and achieve the goals of sustainable development, The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Weed control treatments included various concentrations of Atlantes, Navigator, and Limitless applied with different water volumes, along with weed-free and weedy check plots for comparison. The superiority of the treatment Navigator 2. 500 L/h reduced the number of weeds (14 plants/m2) and their dry weights (31.67 g) and improved the growth characteristics of wheat plants, achieving the highest weight of 1000 grains (43.38 g), grain yield (2.53T/h), and the best index of weeds (15.79%), which confirms the effective role of herbicides at different concentrations and diffusers in eliminating the weeds accompanying the wheat crop.

5. AHMED SAEED JASSIM AND SUHAD MATHKOOR A. SAFI* [Influence of herbicide application on weed competition, growth and yield traits in different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 29-36 (2026). Field Crops Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: suhad.mathkor@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

Weeds are major biological constraints to crop productivity, competing with crops for nutrients, light, and water. Wheat is particularly vulnerable to weed interference during its early growth stages, leading to considerable yield reductions. Herbicides are widely adopted as an effective and economical means of weed management, reducing dependence on manual labour. Therefore, this experiments aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various herbicides in controlling weeds that accompany different wheat varieties. Two field experiments were conducted in the Babylon Governorate, specifically within the Babylon Agriculture Directorate and the Alexandria Agriculture Division in the Muwailhah District, Iraq during the winter seasons of 2023-2024 and 2024-2025. The study was implemented as a factorial experiment, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates, with factor 1 comprising of 4 varieties (Sham 6, Mowadah, Buhuth 22, Gorcki). The factor 2 was the combination of newer weedicided viz., Tarzek @ 90 g/ha, Timeline Trio @ 1.5 g/ha, and compared with weedy check. The results showed that the herbicide Tarzak outperformed the other herbicides, achieving the best results as evidenced by the lowest average weed density after 30 days of application, which were 20.97 and 19.96 plants/m2. Additionally, it recorded the highest average control percentages, reaching 90.77% and 91.55% for the two growing seasons, respectively. The superiority in these traits was reflected in improving the crop performance, yielding the highest average flag leaf area (47.58 and 47.51 cm2), the highest number of tillers (397.2 and 401.9 tillers/m2), and the highest grain yield compared to the control treatment, which recorded the lowest averages for the two growing seasons. The variety Mowadah was superior, showing the best results, as it achieved the lowest average weed density 30 days after application, the highest average flag leaf area, the highest number of tillers, and the highest grain yield. In conclusion, Tarzk combined with the Mowadah variety, achieved optimal results in reducing weed density and providing superior growth characteristics and yield.

6. Asia Akter Shipa, A K M Mominul Islam, Amena Akter, Md. Masud Rana, Sabina Yeasmin and Md. Parvez Anwar* [Enhancing yield and economic returns through interspecific interactions in a wheat–leafy vegetable intercropping system]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 37-48 (2026). Department of Agronomy Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh *(e-mail: parvezanwar@bau.edu.bd)

ABSTRACT

Wheat production in Bangladesh remains inadequate to meet rising demand, increasing dependence on imports. Intercropping improves agricultural productivity by optimizing resource use, controlling weeds, and stabilizing food production to reduce shortage risks. However, the productivity and economic benefits of wheat–leafy vegetable intercropping under local conditions remain insufficiently studied. To explore this potential, an experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, from November 2023 to March 2024. The study aimed to assess the feasibility of cultivating leafy vegetables, mustard, spinach, and red amaranth as intercrops with wheat (cultivar BARRI Gom-33). The experiment employed two wheat planting patterns: 50 cm spaced three-row and four-row wheat strips, alongside sole cropping of wheat and leafy vegetables. Results demonstrated that key wheat parameters, plant height, number of grains per spike, grain yield, and straw yield, were significantly affected by the intercropping treatments. Notably, grain yield was highest in sole wheat (3.18 t/ha) and lowest (1.50 t/ha) in mustard intercropped with wheat at 50 cm three-row spacing. Leafy vegetable yields varied per cropping pattern, with mustard intercropped at 50 cm three-row spacing producing the highest total vegetable yield (14.60 t/ha). Relative yield of wheat ranged from 0.51 to 0.54, indicating approximately 50% yield reduction due to intercropping. All intercropping systems had land equivalent ratios (>1), with the highest (1.13) in red amaranth with 50 cm four-row wheat strips, indicating land-use efficiency. Intercropping enhanced wheat equivalent yields (up to 11.72 t/ha) and economic benefits, with benefit-cost ratios reaching 4.49 in mustard-wheat systems, demonstrating the advantages of strategic intercropping over sole cropping. Overall, the findings suggest that intercropping leafy vegetables, especially mustard, with wheat, particularly in 50 cm spaced strips with three or four rows, is a promising approach for increasing both productivity and economic gains.

7. BRAMARESWERA RAO KANCHARLA, J. VAMSHI, SR KRISHNA MOTUKURI* AND KADTHALA BHARGAVA [Pathogenic variability and characterization of pearl millet blast pathogen Pyricularia pennisetigena]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 49-56 (2026). University Institute of Agriculture & Horticulture (UIAH), Guru Nanak University, Ibrahimpatnam-501506, RR District, Telangana, India *(e-mail: msrkrishna81@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Blast is one among the serious diseases affecting pearl millet foliage and yield. Identifying the Blast isolates causing severe damage to crop is very critical to develop resistant genotypes. This study was conducted during 2023 and 2024 at the Research Farm of Rasi Seeds (Pvt) Ltd, Toopran, District Medak, Telangana, India wherein isolates were obtained from the major cultivated areas of Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. Uniform Blast Nursery (UBN) screening was deployed on 11 pearl millet genotypes by inoculating with the five isolates individually. Blast severity scores on ICMB03555, ICMB11666, ICMR12888 and ICMB97111 indicated the differential reaction of the isolates. Among the five isolates, isolate collected from Jaipur (RJ1) has high virulence score of 7.0. Molecular identification of the most virulent isolate was carried out by using ITS primers. The ITS-rDNA partial sequence was amplified by utilising ITS4 and ITS5 primers. Morphological characterisation of virulent isolate showed greyish brown blast fungus with globose to sub-globose colonies with irregular margin and pyriform conidia confirming Pyricularia. Virulent Isolate (RJ1) sequence data of ITS4 and ITS5 primers is in alignment with 99.80% similarity with Pyricularia pennisetigena (NFCCI accession number: 4864). Most virulent isolate RJ1 collected from Jaipur was identified as P. pennisetigena which has huge potential to affect grain and fodder yield.

8. Syed Abul Hassan Hussainy*, S. Elavarasan, R. Anuretha and R. Durai Singh [Effect of foliar application of human hair extracts on growth and productivity of field crops]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 57-63 (2026). 1Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute (TNAU), Madurai-6725104, Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail: thesyedhussainy@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The continuous use of chemical fertilisers has created serious concerns, such as soil damage, water pollution, and environmental problems. Human hair is easily available and rich in nutrients, making it a possible natural fertiliser, but its usefulness as a foliar spray is not clearly understood. Hence, a scientific study is needed to evaluate its effect on crop growth and overall productivity in field conditions. The study was conducted in 2023 at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, India, with three individual trials comprising pulse (black gram), millet (pearl millet) and oilseed (sesame) laid out in Random Block Design with seven Human Hair Extract (1–6% and control) replicated thrice. Human hair from salons was cleaned, soaked, dried, cut, treated with KOH, boiled and filtered to obtain the foliar extract, which was sprayed at 15 and 25 DAS following standard agronomic practices. Foliar application of human hair extract (HHE) consistently improved growth and yield in black gram, sesame, and pearl millet. Across all crops, the 5% spray (T5) was most effective, producing the highest biomass and root–shoot growth. In black gram, T5 recorded 1148 kg/ha grain yield and 1493 kg/ha haulm yield, while sesame showed 905 kg/ha grain yield and 2254 kg/ha stalk yield under the same treatment. Pearl millet responded similarly, with T5 achieving 1945 kg/ha grain yield and 5669 kg/ha straw yield, reflecting substantial gains over the control. Although a slight decline occurred at 6%, the 5% concentration consistently emerged as the optimum. Overall, the keratin-rich extract acted as a strong biostimulant, boosting vegetative growth, nutrient assimilation, and yield performance across all three crops.

9. SHAGUN GUPTA, MEGHA SUMAN, GIRISH CHANDRA* AND MOINUDDIN [Influence of organic nutrients and bio-inoculations on growth and yield of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.)]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 64-70 (2026). 1Department of Agronomy, SAS, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, India *(e-mail- girishctiwari24@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The judicious use of chemical fertilisers in the last few decades results many soil and environmental hazards. The proper management of organic nutrients can minimise the dependency on chemical fertilisers and provide sustainability in finger millet production. To know the response of crop growth rate and yield of finger millet with different organic nutrient management practices, the present investigation was conducted during 2024 at the Crop Research Centre, School of Agricultural Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design, consisting of six treatments which were replicated thrice by using finger millet var. VL Mandua 347. Crop growth was measured at 30, 60, 90 days after transplanting and harvest, with yield data recorded from five randomly selected plants per treatment plot. The experimental findings show that the plant growth and yield parameters like plant height (114.50 cm), dry matter accumulation (48.30 g/plant), number of ear heads/plant (4.88), number of fingers/ear head (8.47), number of grains/ fingers (294), test weight (3.46 g) and grain yield (2445 kg/ha) was recorded maximum with application of vermicompost @ 1t/ha + Panchagavya @ 3% + Azospirillum @ 5kg/ha + PSB @ 20g/ha (T5). The experimental findings say that combined use of organic manure with bio incubators resulted in better growth and yield of the crop. The application of vermicompost @ 1t/ha + Panchagavya @ 3% + Azospirillum @ 5kg/ha + PSB @ 20g/ha was recorded best among all other treatments for higher growth and yield of finger millet.

10. Saravana Kumar M, Indhushree A*, Ramadass S, Rajesh Kumar A and Rajasekar M [Energy efficiency and economic performance of organic and inorganic nutrient management strategies in irrigated foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.)]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 71-79 (2026). Department of Agronomy, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Baburayanpettai Chengalpattu-603 201 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: indhuashree@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Efficient nutrient management is critical for improving the sustainability of millet-based production systems under irrigated conditions. However, foxtail millet yield is often low due to improper fertiliser use. Chemical fertilisers need more energy, while organic sources may give less yield, so their energy use and economic benefits need proper evaluation. To investigate further, a field experiment was conducted during summer (February – April) 2024 at SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadut to evaluate the energy efficiency and economic performance of organic and inorganic nutrient management practices in foxtail millet under irrigated condition. A study was laid out in split-plot design with three main plot treatments comprising 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), 50% RDF, and farmyard manure (FYM @ 12.5 t/ha) and four subplot treatments involving soil-applied micronutrients, viz., Fe, Zn and B, and organic preparations like panchagavya, and jeevamrutham through foliar application. Energy inputs and outputs were quantified using standard energy coefficients, and indicators such as net energy, energy ratio, and energy productivity were estimated. Total energy input ranged from 18,825 to 47,502 MJ/ha, while output energy varied from 68,569 to 97,431 MJ/ha. FYM-based treatments recorded the highest energy ratios ranging between 3.23 to 4.18, and energy productivity due to lower external energy inputs. RDF-based treatments achieved comparatively higher yields and economic returns. The combination of 100% RDF with foliar micronutrients gave the highest net return and benefit–cost ratio, showing better profitability. While organic nutrients improved energy efficiency, integrated inorganic management achieved a better balance of yield, profit, and sustainability under irrigated conditions.

11. Jeyajothi R*, Pazhanivelan S, Sivakumar K, Vasanth P and Marimuthu S [Influence of drip fertigation and beneficial microbes on soil microbial potential and growth of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.)]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 80-86 (2026). Department of Agronomy, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu District-603 201 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: jeyajotr@srmist.edu.in)

ABSTRACT

Pigeonpea is an important legume grown in tropical and subtropical regions for its nutritional value, drought tolerance and soil-fertility benefits. However, its productivity is often constrained by poor nutrient-use efficiency and limited water availability. Soil microbes are used because they enhance nutrient mobilisation, fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilise phosphorus and stimulate root activity. Their integration with fertigation improves plant growth, soil health and overall productivity. Based on this, the present study was conducted during 2022-2024 at the Millet Breeding Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to explore the effect of drip fertigation combined with microbial inoculants on the rhizospheric microbial activity and growth of three pigeonpea varieties: Co (Rg)7, APK 1 and VBN (Rg) 3. The experiment included five sub-plot treatments of 100% and 125% RDF applied through water-soluble fertilisers, alone or in combination with Azophosmet and 1% Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophs (PPFM). Results revealed that 125% RDF + WSF + Azophosmet + 1% PPFM consistently outperformed all other treatments, significantly enhancing rhizosphere recorded the highest populations of bacteria (7.86), fungi (5.43), actinomycetes (4.53), Azospirillum (4.28) and phosphobacteria (4.54), indicating enhanced biological activity and healthier soil conditions. Varietal differences influenced responsiveness, with Co (Rg) 7 showing superior growth and microbial interactions. The study demonstrates that varietal differences significantly influence microbial colonisation and nutrient uptake in pigeonpea, underscoring the importance of genotype-specific management strategies. Integrating precision fertigation with microbial inoculants created a balanced and functionally active rhizosphere, ensuring efficient nutrient delivery and improved plant resilience. Overall, the findings confirm that combining targeted fertigation with biofertilizers can enhance pigeonpea yield potential, nutrient-use efficiency and long-term soil health, providing a strong basis for adopting tailored, sustainable agronomic practices.

12. NAGAJOTHI RAJASEKARAN, V SUGANYA, VINCENT S., JEYAKUMAR P. AND S. JIDHU VAISHNAVI* [Enhancing soybean (Glycine max M.) productivity through synergistic application of hormones and nutrients synergy]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 87-95 (2026). Department of Crop Physiology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003, Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail: sjvaishnavi@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Soybean is a vital global legume crop, yet its productivity is often constrained by nutrient limitations, suboptimal physiological efficiency, and limited access to growth-enhancing technologies. Although plant growth regulators (PGRs) and nutrients individually improve growth, their combined effects on soybean physiology and yield remain poorly understood. Hence, there is a critical need to evaluate integrated PGR–nutrient strategies to enhance soybean productivity and sustainability under field conditions. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of foliar-applied plant growth regulators (PGRs) viz., Gibberellic acid (GA3) and melatonin, and/or combined with a micronutrient-enriched spray (DAP, MnSO4, FeSO4, and ammonium molybdate) on soybean performance under field conditions in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during Kharif season of 2023. Six foliar treatments including control, nutrients, GA3, nutrients with GA3, melatonin, and nutrients with melatonin were applied at 30 and 40 DAS and evaluated in a randomized block design to assess growth, photosynthetic efficiency, biochemical traits, and yield components. The combined application of melatonin and nutrients (T6) significantly enhanced plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity, and seed yield per plant (19.6 g), outperforming the other treatments. Melatonin alone (T5) yielded the highest seed protein content (37.58 mg/g), thereby highlighting its role in nutritional enhancement. The results demonstrate that integrating PGRs with nutrient optimize soybean metabolism, reproductive success, and seed quality offering a scalable strategy for sustainable legume intensification.

13. Rajeshkumar A* Gaurave M and Ramadass S* [Influence of different sowing techniques and nutrient levels on nutrient uptake and yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 96-102 (2026). Department of Agronomy, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu-603 201 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: rajeshka@srmist.edu.in and ramadass@srmist.edu.in)

ABSTRACT

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) productivity is often constrained by inefficient nutrient management and improper sowing practices, particularly under low-input production systems. Imbalanced macro- and micronutrient supply combined with uneven plant establishment reduces nutrient-use efficiency and yield potential. Therefore, integrating precise sowing techniques with balanced fertilisation strategies is essential for improving productivity, seed quality, and nutrient-use efficiency in sesame. Therefore, this study evaluated the influence of three sowing methods (broadcasting, dibbling, transplanting) and three nutrient levels (100%, 75% and 50% RDF), along with a 0.2% MnSO4 foliar spray, on nutrient uptake, growth, and yield performance of sesame. A field experiment was conducted using ten treatment combinations in a randomised block design during the summer and kharif seasons of 2025. Results demonstrated the advantage of dibbling over broadcasting and transplanting, particularly when combined with 100% RDF and 0.2% MnSO4 foliar application (T1). This treatment recorded the highest nitrogen (27.69 kg/ha), phosphorus (9.37 kg/ha), and potassium (17.62 kg/ha) uptake at harvest, along with superior capsule number (76.86/plant), seed number (72.17/capsule), and test weight (3.07 g). Consequently, T„ achieved the maximum seed yield (1096 kg/ha) and harvest index (0.31). Enhanced nutrient uptake under dibbling was primarily attributed to improved root-soil contact, uniform plant spacing, and the catalytic role of Mn in boosting photosynthetic and metabolic processes. These results highlight the importance of combining optimal fertiliser doses with precise sowing techniques to improve nutrient-use efficiency and productivity of sesame. This integrated approach offers a robust strategy for improving sesame yields in nutrient-deficient and smallholder farming systems.

14. SUMIT RAY, S. K. PAUL*, G. S. REDDY, B. S. DIVYA, C. L. N. MANIKANTA AND S. Y. KATTULA [Super absorbent polymer composites for sustainable agriculture – A Review]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 103-116 (2026). Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi-761211, Odisha, India *(e-mail: sujay.paul39@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Climate change threatens the global as well as the Indian agriculture system, with special emphasis on soil water retention. Super-absorbent polymers (SAPs), or hydrogels, can have a promising role in improving crop resilience to drought. This paper critically reviews various research articles evaluating SAPs for their ability to absorb, retain, and slowly release water, and their role in enhancing irrigation efficiency, soil health, and input utilisation. SAPs improve soil health by enhancing aggregate stability and organic matter retention, while reducing runoff, erosion, and nutrient leaching. Review of research across various crops highlights SAPs’ potential in climate-resilient farming. By supporting sustainable input use and mitigating drought impacts, SAPs contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 12, 13, and 15, helping ensure food security and environmental sustainability under changing climatic conditions. However, further studies are needed to refine application methods, assess long-term impacts, and evaluate economic and environmental viability.

15. NGUYEN HUYNH DUONG, TRAN VAN HAU AND LE VINH THUC* [Effects of macronutrient application rates during fruit development on the yield, quality, and physiological disorders of Musang King durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.)]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 117-122 (2026). 1College of Agriculture Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam *(e-mail: lvthuc@ctu.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

Physiological disorders are a major constraint affecting fruit quality and market value of Musang King durian, especially under Vietnamese agroecological conditions. However, the influence of different NPK application rates during fruit development on physiological disorders, yield, and fruit quality remains poorly understood. This study was conducted during 2024 at Can Tho University, Vietnam to determine appropriate macronutrient fertiliser application rates during fruit development and to clarify their effects on yield, fruit quality, and physiological disorders in seven-year-old Musang King durian trees. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four macronutrient application rates (0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 kg/tree/application) and five replications. Fertilizers were applied at three fruit development stages using different N:P:K ratios: 2:1:1 at 30 days after fruit set (DAFS), 2:1:3 at 45 DAFS, and 1:1:3 at 60 DAFS. The results showed that increasing NPK rates (1.0-1.25 kg/tree/application) significantly increased individual fruit weight and yield but also intensified the incidence of physiological disorders. In contrast, applying NPK at 0.75 kg/tree/application reduced the incidence of physiological disorders by 43–55% while maintaining high yield and superior fruit quality.

16. GEDE WIJANA*, I NYOMAN RAI, NI MADE TRIGUNASIH, NI NYOMAN ARI MAYADEWI, I KADEK WISMA YUDHA AND I WAYAN SURYA ADITYA WIGUNANDA [Effect of shading and biofertilizer-enhanced fertilization on yield, fruit quality and soil fertility of Tejakula mandarin (Citrus reticulata cv. Tejakula)]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 123-134 (2026). Dryland Agriculture, Master Programme Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia *(e-mail: gedewijana@unud.ac.id)

ABSTRACT

Tejakula mandarin cultivation in Bali faces challenges from soil degradation and fruit dryness. This study evaluated the effects of shading and biofertilizer-enhanced fertilization on the yield, fruit quality, and soil fertility of Tejakula mandarin (Citrus reticulata cv. Tejakula). A field experiment was conducted from November 2024 to November 2025 in Bali, Indonesia, using a split-plot randomized block design with four replications. The main plot factor was shading with two levels: open field (Sn) and natural shade (Ss). The sub-plot factor consisted of five fertilization packages: inorganic control (Fi), organic-inorganic blend (Fb), mycorrhiza-enhanced (Fm), probiotic-enhanced (Fp), and integrated biofertilizer (Fc). Results showed that natural shade (Ss) significantly increased total fruit yield per tree by 87.80% and reduced the incidence of fruit dryness by 77.90% by weight compared to open field (Sn). Among fertilization packages, the integrated biofertilizer (Fc) was superior, yielding 32.31 kg fruit per tree, which was a 244.50% increase over the inorganic control (Fi), and also reduced fruit dryness by 90.90%. The Fc treatment also resulted in the highest soil organic carbon (2.62%), available phosphorus (342.50 ppm), and leaf relative water content (79.74%). Key fruit quality attributes, including total soluble solids, vitamin C content, and firmness, were significantly improved under the combined treatment of shading and biofertilizer packages. In conclusion, integrating natural shading with an enhanced biofertilizer package is a highly effective strategy for sustainably increasing productivity, improving fruit quality, and enhancing soil health in Tejakula mandarin orchards.

17. WAIKHOM ARUNKUMAR MEETEI AND LOLLY S. PEREIRA* [Vegetative and reproductive phenology of dragon fruit in West Garo Hills of Meghalaya]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 135-145 (2026). Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Production North-Eastern Hill University, Tura Campus, Meghalaya-794 002, India *(e-mail: drlollysp@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Dragon fruit, belonging to family Cactaceae, is a highly resilient fruit crop with high nutritional profile and commercial prospects. Although West Garo Hills offers favourable conditions for growing dragon fruit, there is a dearth of phenological information in the region. Therefore, the vegetative and reproductive phenology of two species of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus and Hylocereus undatus) were studied in the West Garo Hills of Meghalaya from 2023 to 2025 using the extended BBCH (Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemische Industrie). Major vegetative flush occurred from November to May after the completion of fruiting. The total time required for completion of vegetative flush starting from vegetative bud swelling (011) to completion of side shoot development (419) was 77.68±13.85 days in H. polyrhizus and 88.19±12.31 days in H. undatus. Reproductive phase was observed in six to seven flushes in H. polyrhizus (early May to early December), compared to five flushes in H. undatus (late May to early December). H. polyrhizus completed reproductive bud development (510-519) in 18.10±1.70 days, flowering (610-619) in 2.02±0.18 days, fruit development (711-719) in 19.46±1.80 days and fruit maturation (811-817) in 4.75±0.61 days, totalling to 49.89±2.61 days for a complete reproductive cycle (510-817). Whereas H. undatus required 16.50±1.02 days for reproductive bud development (510-519), 2.01±0.10 days for flowering (610-619), 20.70±2.16 days for fruit development (711-719) and 4.59±0.89 days for fruit maturation (811-817), accounting to a total of 50.32±2.63 days cycle (510-817). H. polyrhizus produced greater number of reproductive flushes with longer fruiting period and took lesser time for completion of vegetative and reproductive flush. Phenological studies of dragon fruit will be useful in various crop management practices and post-harvest planning. The findings have significant implications for future research, popularization and commercialization.

18. Hind Ibrahim Al-Khazraji and Enas Hamed Al-Ani [The effect of foliar fertilizers in enhancing the resistance of broccoli plants against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner)]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 146-152 (2026). Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: hind.ibrahim@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

The experiment was conducted in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, during 2023-2024 to study the role of foliar application in the improvement of broccoli resistance against the Trichoplusia ni. The experiment was designed using a completely randomized block design. The foliar fertilizers Agro-K Amino, FoliaStim Ultra and Agro- A. + FoliaStim U. showed significant effect on the infestation by cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni on broccoli plants. Use of foliar fertilizer of Agro- A. + FoliaStim U exerted the most significant effect than Agro-K Amino and FoliaStim Ultra. Infestation reached 9.94 holes per leaf in control but in treatments that sprayed with Agro-K Amino, FoliaStim Ultra and Agro-A. + FoliaStim U. recorded 4.95, 3.80 and 3.14 holes per leaf on 11/12/2023, respectively. The highest percentage of leaf infestation was 69.78% in control treatment, while it decreased to 33.48, 28.74 and 20.82% for the different treatments, respectively, on 11/12/2023. The treatments also led to a reduction in the percentage of infestation severity and an increase in plant yield. FoliaStim U fertilizers increased the resistance in broccoli plants, (Brassica oleracea var. italica) against the cabbage looper and reduced its damage.

19. Rosna P Shajan, Jeyajothi Raman*, Ramadass Sivalingam and Rajasekar Manivelu [Optimization of discharge rates for enhancing yield and quality parameters in drip irrigated Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 153-159 (2026). Department of Agronomy, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Baburayanpettai Chengalpattu District-603 201 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: jeyajotr@srmist.edu.in)

ABSTRACT

Okra is an essential vegetable crop requiring a continuous and moderate water supply for optimum yield and quality. The performance of drip irrigation depends on emitter discharge rate, irrigation level, and soil type. On clay soil, emitter selection greatly influences water distribution, nutrient uptake, and ultimately yield and quality. Hence, a field study was carried out to assess the effect of various discharge rates and irrigation levels on yield and quality parameters of Okra hybrid CO 4. The experiment was conducted during February to May 2025 at Experimental Farm of SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD), seven treatments with three replications viz., T1 (2 liter per hour (lph) @ 50% ETc), T2 (2 lph @ 75% ETc), T3 (2 lph @ 100% ETc), T4 (4 lph @ 50% ETc), T5 (4 lph @ 75% ETc), T6 (4 lph @ 100% ETc), and T7 (surface irrigation). Drip irrigation was scheduled for 3-day intervals, while surface irrigation was given once in seven days. Data were analyzed statistically using standard procedures. Emitter discharge rate and irrigation level significantly influenced both yield and quality. T3 (2 lph @ 100% ETc) recorded the maximum fruit length (13.5 cm), fruit weight (22.3 g), fruits/plant (24), yield/plant (0.70 kg), and total yield (34.57 t/ha). The same treatment also showed higher chlorophyll (62.49 SPAD) and iodine content (3.82 µg/100 g), but lower ascorbic acid (10.5 mg/100 g) and crude fiber (1.15%). Surface irrigation (T7) resulted in the lowest yield (15.31 t/ha) and poor chlorophyll and iodine content, though it had higher ascorbic acid (18.8 mg/100 g) and crude fiber (2.89%). The results confirm that drip irrigation with 2 lph emitter discharge at 100% ETc enhances productivity and improves quality attributes of Okra on clay soil.

20. PHATU WILLIAM MASHELA* AND KGABO MARTHA POFU [Biological indices of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) seeds to priming and drying with cucurbitacin phytonematicides]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 160-164 (2026). University of Limpopo, Department of Plant Production Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Private Bag X1106 Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: phatu.mashela@ul.ac.za)

ABSTRACT

Phytonematicide priming methods often give uneven results, mainly due to variability in how seeds respond to allelochemicals. The movement and effect of cucurbitacin-rich priming solutions inside seed embryos, especially with different emergence patterns, are still not clearly understood. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the biological sensitivity and safe stimulatory concentrations for runner bean seeds primed using PAD technology with cucurbitacin-based phytonematicides. This study investigated the biological indices of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) seeds ten days after priming in cucurbitacin-based phytonematicide solutions during 2024 at the University of Limpopo, South Africa. Runner bean seeds were primed in geometric series concentrations (0–64%) of Nemarioc-AL (containing cucurbitacin A) and Nemafric-BL (containing cucurbitacin B) for six hours, dried at 25°C, and germinated inside a temperature-controlled growth chamber. Data on germination percentage, radicle length, plumule height, and plumule diameter were analysed using the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Dose (CARD) algorithm to generate biological indices, allowing the computation of midpoint stimulation concentration. Positive quadratic relationships were observed between increasing phytonematicide concentrations and most germination variables, with R² values ranging from 89% to 99%. Negative quadratic relationships were not included in the in biological indices. The calculated overall sensitivity indices were 39 for Nemarioc-AL and 14 for Nemafric-BL, indicating high tolerance of runner bean seeds to both products. The respective MPC values were 1.05% and 0.58%, which supported 100% germination during validation tests. These findings demonstrate the potential of PAD technology for integrating phytonematicides into seed-based nematode management strategies without inducing phytotoxicity, particularly for crops exhibiting hypogenous emergence. In conclusion, the findings confirm that seeds with hypogenous emergence can serve as effective carriers of cucurbitacin phytonematicides,

21. Djetrina Y. Tacbian, Raymund Julius G. Rosales*, Christian Butch Andrew A. Balbas, Glisten Faith S. Pascua, John Marlo M. Bangayan, Micah Benize S. Gregorio-Balbas and Aira Lilac I. Pungtilan [Influence of seed priming agents on germination and seedling vigour in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 165-172 (2026). Department of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture Food and Sustainable Development, Mariano Marcos State University City of Batac 2906, Ilocos Norte, Philippines *(e-mail: rgrosales@mmsu.edu.ph)

ABSTRACT

Cucumber is an important crop in the Philippines, yet poor seedling vigour from unprimed seeds often limits germination and overall productivity. Seed priming techniques such as hydropriming, gibberellic acid (GA3), and calcium chloride (CaCl2) have shown potential to enhance germination and seedling growth, but their effectiveness varies with cultivar. Based on this, a study was conducted to evaluate the germination and seedling vigour of cucumber after seed priming. Three priming methods (GA3, CaCl2, and hydropriming) were applied to cucumber seeds (Pegasus F1). Three concentrations (6.25, 12.50, and 25 ppm) of GA3 and two concentrations (200 and 400 ppm) of CaCl2 were used, whereas unprimed seeds served as the control. The seeds were primed for 3 h. Ambient condition was used to grow the primed and unprimed seeds. A Completely Randomized Design in 4 replicates was employed. An improved germination index and early seed germination were observed by exposing the seeds to priming. The three seed priming techniques hasten the germination with low mean germination time than the unprimed seeds. Moreover, at 8 days after sowing (DAS), hydropriming, GA3, and CaCl2 induced the growth of secondary root count per seedling. At DAS, 12.50 ppm GA3 produced longer roots and seedlings. Likewise, GA3 concentration produced more vigorous seedlings than the other seed priming techniques. Cucumber growers may consider using 12.50 ppm GA3 for vigorous seedlings.

22. Tabasum Fatima* [Retention of phytochemical properties and antioxidant potential of Conyza canadensis (L.) under different drying methods]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 173-179 (2026). Centre for AYUSH Science, Islamic University of Science and Technology Awantipora Kashmir-1922122, India *(e-mail: tabasumfatima281@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The retention of natural antioxidant potential of medicinal plants has been a key focus in phytopharmacology. However, the antioxidant potential of Conyza canadensis (L.), particularly the influence of different drying methods on phytochemical retention and activity, remains insufficiently understood. Therefore, this study was conducted during the year 2023-24 at Islamic University of Science and Technology, Kashmir and Sher-e-Kashmir university of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India to evaluate the impact of different drying methods viz., sun-drying (SD), shade-drying (SHD), cabinet-drying (CD), and vacuum-drying (VD) on the drying kinetics, physical quality, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity of C. canadensis (L.) leaves collected from Kashmir, India. Drying kinetics were modelled, and the final powders were analysed for moisture content, water activity (aw), and colour. Methanolic extracts were assessed for Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP). The results demonstrated a significant (p d” 0.05) influence of the drying technique. Vacuum drying was the fastest method to reach safe moisture levels (<10%) and best preserved the colour of the leaves. Vacuum-dried leaves exhibited the highest TPC (85.23 mg GAE/g) and TFC (42.15mg QE/g), correlating with superior antioxidant capacity (DPPH: 76.70%; ABTS: 5.29 mg TE/g; FRAP: 0.66 mg FSE/g). Sun-drying resulted in the greatest degradation of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. These findings provide a comprehensive optimisation strategy for processing C. canadensis, positioning it as a viable source of natural antioxidants for food and pharmaceutical industries.

23. BANAJA PANIGRAHI, DINKAR GAIKWAD, ASHIRBAD NANDA AND SATYABRATA NANDA* [Comparative GC-MS analysis of bioactive phytocompounds in the aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts from rhizomes of Nymphoides indica L.]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 180-186 (2026). School of Biotechnology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-752050, India *(e-mail: sbn.satyananda@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Identification of phytocompounds in plants is crucial to recognise their potential therapeutic uses, yet extraction outcomes and metabolite profiles vary widely with solvent and method. Although Nymphoides indica is traditionally valued for its medicinal properties, scientific information on its detailed bioactive composition remains limited. Therefore, it is essential to compare the GC-MS profiles of its aqueous and hydroethanolic rhizome extracts to identify key metabolites and support its pharmacological validation. This study aimed to identify the bioactive phytochemicals in aqueous and hydro-ethanoic extracts of rhizomes of N. indica, a common hydrophyte, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The air-dried rhizomes of N. indica were coarsely powdered and subsequently extracted with distilled water and 70% ethanol as solvents. In total, two extracts have been obtained in the preparation of plant extracts, including an aqueous (ARNI) and a hydroethanolic extract (HRNI) of N. indica rhizome. The extracts were subsequently analysed by GC-MS, which detected 13 different bioactive compounds with varying molecular weights, 6 compounds in ARNI, and 11 compounds in HRNI. Compounds identified from these extracts showed high biological relevance and pharmacological properties. This study gives a comprehensive knowledge of the detection and identification of miscellaneous bioactive phytochemicals from the rhizome of N. indica. This provides a basis for the biological and biochemical development of rapidly discovered biologically and pharmacologically bioactive phytochemicals of this plant.

24. R Subitha Shajini, K S Sangeetha, A Anisha and T Arul Prakash* [Overcoming propagation challenges of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) using soft stem cuttings over seasons]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 187-194 (2026). 1Department of Botany, Women’s Christian College Nagercoil-629001, Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail: botanyarul030@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Annona muricata L., often known as Soursop, is prized for its therapeutic characteristics, particularly its possible anti-cancer effects, which has led to increased demand for this plant. In order to meet such a requirement, efficient propagation mechanisms are required for consistent output. Since seeds are not available year-round, vegetative propagation has been proposed as a potential option for mass production. Among the different propagation procedures, stem cutting is a simple, quick, and inexpensive way. This study focuses on employing soft stem cuttings, notably those with apical tips, treated with Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), to improve clonal proliferation. The study found that treating soft stem cuttings with IBA concentrations of 1500 to 2000 parts per million (ppm) during the rainy season produced the best rooting outcomes. Shoots appeared within two weeks of implanting, followed by well-developed roots about 60 days from the initial day of cutting implanted. However, higher IBA concentrations (more than 2500 ppm) reduced survival rates. The highest success rate of 57.4 % ± 2.41 was obtained with the 2000 ppm IBA treatment on soft stem cuttings with apical bud. This approach provides a dependable alternative to seed propagation, ensuring genetic consistency and allowing for large-scale growth of A. muricata. Growers can efficiently reproduce this valuable plant to satisfy increasing demand by using soft stem cuttings treated with the appropriate IBA concentrations.

25. NIDHI SELWAL, VIJAY KUMAR AND SARVJEET KUKREJA* [In vitro regeneration and phytochemical profiling of Ageratum conyzoides L.]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 195-201 (2026). 1School of Bioengineering and Biosciences Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India *(e-mail: sarvjeet.24849@lpu.co.in)

ABSTRACT

Ageratum conyzoides L., long used in ethnomedicine for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic and allelopathic effects, is one such species. To support its sustainable utilization, this study, conducted from March–December 2024, hypothesized that optimizing the balance of cytokinins and auxins can enhance shoot proliferation and secondary metabolite accumulation in Ageratum conyzoides L. Nodal explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators. Shoot proliferation was highest on media supplemented with 1.0 mg/L benzyladenine (BA), while rooting was most effective with 0.5 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); higher auxin concentrations inhibited root development. Extracts from in vitro grown aerial parts using multiple solvents were analyzed by GC-MS, identifying major compounds including Phenol, 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-, phosphite (3:1) (»27.7%), Neophytadiene (»17.4%), a benzopyran derivative (6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl) (»11.2%), (E)-b-Farnesene (»10.1%), and Caryophyllene (»6.5%). These findings demonstrate that tissue culture provides a reliable propagation route while conserving the phytochemical integrity of A. conyzoides, supporting ex-situ conservation and sustainable utilization.

26. Diego Vera-Mayor, Doris Marmolejo-Gutarra* and Richard Peñaloza [Phenotypic stability, yield and grain quality in promising genotypes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in the central highlands of Peru]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 202-209 (2026). Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú Mariscal Castilla 3909, Huancayo, 12006, Peru *(e-mail: dmarmolejo@uncp.edu.pe)

ABSTRACT

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a strategic Andean crop due to its high nutritional value and adaptability to marginal environments; however, grain yield and quality are often constrained by genotype × environment interaction (GEI), increasing production risk for farmers. Identifying genotypes that combine high yield, phenotypic stability, and low saponin content is therefore essential for varietal improvement and recommendation in heterogeneous agroecological conditions. During the 2022–2023 agricultural season, three promising quinoa genotypes (CQH-3, CQH-52, and CQH-19) and a local control (Hualhuas) were evaluated at three representative locations of the Mantaro Valley, central highlands of Peru. Grain yield and saponin content were assessed using a randomised complete block design. Yield data were subjected to combined analysis of variance across locations, and phenotypic stability was determined using the Eberhart and Russell regression model. Significant GEI (p d” 0.05) confirmed differential genotype responses across environments, justifying stability analysis. Genotype CQH-3 exhibited the highest mean grain yield (2829 kg/ha) and a near-ideal stability profile (bi = 1.041; Sdi² = “0.234), indicating broad adaptability and predictable performance. All evaluated INIA-UNCP genotypes were classified as sweet quinoa, with saponin contents ranging from 0.028% to 0.043%, markedly lower than the bitter local control (0.211%). The combined evaluation of productivity, stability, and grain quality identified CQH-3 as an elite candidate for commercial release in the central highlands of Peru.

27. Chung. Nghiem Tien*, HUY. Nguyen QUOC, ANH. PHAM THI and Ngan. To Thi [Agro-biological performance and medicinal root quality of a selected Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk cultivar under northern Vietnam conditions]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 210-215 (2026). Vietnam University of Traditional Medicine Hanoi, Vietnam *(e-mail: nghiemtienchung@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk is an important medicinal species used for the production of Radix Saposhnikoviae in East Asia. Since its introduction into Vietnam, comprehensive field evaluation of its agronomic performance and phytochemical quality under local ecological conditions remains limited. This study assessed the agro-biological characteristics, yield performance, and medicinal root quality of a selected S. divaricata germplasm introduced from China and cultivated at the Tam Dao Medicinal Plant Research Station, Phu Tho Province, northern Vietnam. The experiment was conducted during the 2023–2024 growing season using a randomized complete block design with three replications, comparing the selected line (PP2) with the original imported cultivar (PP1). The selected germplasm showed typical morphological traits and consistent performance under the tested conditions. Significant improvements (P < 0.05) were observed in root length and dry root weight relative to the control. Mean plant height, root length, root diameter, and dry root weight reached 40.0 cm, 23.8 cm, 1.8 cm, and 40.5 g/plant, respectively, resulting in an estimated yield of 966.7 kg/ha High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) showed clear and well-resolved peaks of prim-O-glucosylcimifugin and 5-O-methylvisamminoside. Total chromone content reached 1.00%, comprising 5-O-methylvisamminoside (0.58%) and prim-O-glucosylcimifugin (0.42%), substantially exceeding the pharmacopoeial minimum requirement (0.24%, dry weight basis). Overall, the selected germplasm combines improved yield-related traits with high medicinal root quality, supporting its potential for cultivation under northern Vietnam conditions.

28. Jahal Dangar1, Shweta Bhatt and Ragini Raghav* [Synergistic effects of Bacillus pumilus strain JSR1 and gold nanoparticles on growth enhancement in Trigonella foenum-graecum L.]. Crop Research 61 (1&2): 216-224 (2026). Department of Biotechnology Atmiya University, Rajkot-360005, Gujarat, India *(e-mail: ragini.raghav@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The growing demand for sustainable agriculture has led to the exploration of eco-friendly alternatives to chemical fertilisers. The co-application of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in combination with nanoparticles is a potential strategy. In this study, a potent rhizobacterium from the rhizosphere of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) was isolated, and its synergistic effect with chemically synthesised gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on plant growth and development was evaluated. A total of 100 bacterial isolates with different morphologies were isolated from ten rhizospheric soil samples from the Saurashtra region of Gujarat and assessed for plant growth-promoting characteristics. Bacillus pumilus (J3) was the most promising isolate, exhibiting all the PGP traits. The chemically synthesised gold nanoparticles were characterised using a UV-visible spectrophotometer and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). A pot experiment was conducted in the Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Atmiya University, Rajkot, Gujarat, from November 2024 to March 2025 to evaluate individual and synergistic effects of J3 and AuNPs (10-50 ppm) on fenugreek growth. A significant improvement in germination rate and various growth factors was observed with J3 combined with 10 and 20 ppm AuNPs. The synergistic effects of AuNPs and the PGPR strain suggest potential for the enhancement of fenugreek production and may be employed for sustainable crop improvement methods on other economically significant crops.

********************