Volume 26, No. 2 (June, 2025)
1. SANJEEV KUMAR, ISHWAR SINGH* AND O. P. MEHLA [Growth and yield performance of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids under integrated nutrient management]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 223-228 (2025). Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-133 203, Ambala (Haryana), India *(e-mail: iskangren@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Direct-seeded rice (DSR) offers a water-efficient and labour-saving alternative to traditional transplanted rice, reducing methane emissions and supporting sustainable agriculture. However, the response of rice hybrids to DSR under integrated nutrient management remains unclear, necessitating research to optimize nutrient combinations for improved growth and yield. Therefore a field experiment was conducted during the kharif season 2021 and 2022 at the research farm of Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. The experiment was set up using a two-factorial randomized block design and replicated thrice. The experiment material consisted of two rice hybrids (Arize 6444 gold and Sava 134) and five treatment combinations of urea and vermicompost i.e., The experiment included five nutrient management practices: no fertilizer or manure, full recommended nitrogen dose (RDN) from urea, and different combinations of urea and vermicompost (75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 RDN ratios). The results revealed that hybrid Arize 6444 gold registered significantly better plant height, number of tillers/m², dry matter accumulation, panicle/m², leaf area index (LAI), grains/panicle, panicle length, test weight, grain and straw yield as compared to Sava 134. Likewise, for these traits treatment combination T4 [50% RDN (Urea) + 50% RDN (Vermicompost)] exhibited significantly better than the other treatments. The hybrid Arize 6444 Gold gave higher gross return, net return and B:C ratio than Sava 134. The T4 also registered significantly higher gross return over all treatments. But the highest net return and cost benefit ratio was registered with treatment T2 [100% RDN (Urea)]. The significant superiority of the treatment may be attributed to favourable effects of urea for quick growth and sustained release of nitrogen and other nutrients. It is concluded that integrated nutrient management practices in direct-seeded rice are superior to chemical fertilizers or organic manure application alone.
2. Kem Senou Pavel Daryl, Gabriel Hopla Akwakwa, Mengjuan Li, Yuhang Yan, Lili Shi and Xiaoyan Wang* [Impact of nitrogen fertilizer strategies and straw return on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity and soil health]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 229-244 (2025). Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China *(e-mail: wamailwang@163.com)
ABSTRACT
Straw is a significant byproduct of cereal production, often considered waste, but it has the potential to be a valuable resource in sustainable agriculture. While straw return improves soil health and crop productivity, its benefits depend on optimizing nitrogen fertilizer application, which remains poorly understood. Therefore,this study aimed to investigate the effects of straw return on wheat growth and yield under varying nitrogen fertilizer strategies in Hubei Province, China. Over three growing seasons, we conducted a randomized complete block experiment using the wheat variety Yangmai 23. Two straw return treatments (S0: straw removal, S1: full straw return) and three nitrogen fertilizer strategies, each applied at a total rate of 180 kg N/ha, were tested: N1 (1:0:0, 180kg N/ha at the basal stage), N2 (7:3:0, 126 kg N/ha at the basal stage, 54 kg N/ha at overwinter), and N3 (1:1:1, 60 kg N/ha at basal, overwinter, and jointing stages). The study assessed the impact of these treatments on wheat yield, dry matter accumulation, soil fertility (total and available nitrogen), and photosynthesis (SPAD, LAI). We found that straw return had varying effects across nitrogen treatments. Under N1 and N2, straw return decreased dry matter accumulation, soil available nitrogen (AN), total nitrogen (N), SPAD, LAI, and grain yield, with reductions ranging from 5% to 9% (p < 0.05). In contrast, under N3, straw return increased dry matter, soil AN, total N, SPAD, and LAI, with grain yield increases of 4% to 11% (p < 0.05). Among the nitrogen strategies, N3 showed the best results for soil AN, total N, SPAD, and LAI, which were amplified by straw application. However, N2 resulted in the highest grain yield (7732.3 kg/ha in the 2022-2023 season for S0-N2). This study highlights the importance of optimizing nitrogen fertilizer strategies in combination with straw return to enhance wheat productivity. The findings provide a theoretical reference for optimizing nitrogen application practices, contributing to more sustainable and efficient wheat farming systems.
3. Shimendi Gde Okbagabir*, Mohammad Sharif, Wang Yuqing and Pakina Elena Nikolaevna [Influence of growth regulators and foliar fertilizers on growth, yield and weed management of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 245-251 (2025). Department of Agrobiotechnology Agrarian Institute Technological, People’s Friendship University (RUDN) named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia *(e-mail: shimendigde20@gmail.com; Pr@rudn.ru)
ABSTRACT
Wheat is a cornerstone of global agriculture, particularly in temperate regions like Russia, where spring wheat predominates (Chengzhi et al., 2024). This study was conducted in 2023 at the Research Institute of Agrochemistry in Barybino, Russia, to investigate the impact of growth regulators and foliar fertilizers on plant growth and yield. The research focused on reducing lodging and stress while evaluating the efficiency of input utilization. Environmentally friendly smart farming technologies were implemented, and a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used to assess the interactions of four different dosages of growth regulators and fertilizers. The impact of four distinct rates of plant growth regulators (PGRs), namely Centrino 1 (GR1 = 1.0 L/ha)), Centrino 2 (GR2 = 1.25 L/ha)), Centrino 3 (GR3 = 1.5 L/ha) and Control 0 (C0 = No application of growth regulator) in conjunction with varying rates of foliar fertilizer, Fertilizer 1 (F1 = 0.5 L/ha), Fertilizer 2 (F2 = 1.0 L/ha), Fertilizer 3 (F3 = 2.0 L/ha) and Control 0 (C0 = No application of fertilizer), on the quantitative traits of wheat was examined. The data indicated that the maximum plant height (73 cm) was recorded in the control plots. The GR1 and interaction between GR1 x F2 variables exhibited a substantial reduction in weed count (WC) and weed biomass (WB) across all treatments. Interaction between GR1 x F1 followed by GR1 x F2 treatments produced significantly higher number of spikelets/spike of 14.37 and 14.4, respectively compared to control. Among all treatments, GR2 x F1 treatment gave significantly higher spike length, 1000-kernel weight, biological yield and grain yield, with mean values of 6.96 cm, 37.4 g, 11118 kg/ha and 5042 kg/ha, respectively. Ultimately, the effective utilization of plant growth regulators and fertilizers as a crop management strategy enhanced yield, reduced environmental pollution and optimized resource usage.
4. NYASHA CHIUTA* [Identification of drought-tolerant maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids using yield components and drought tolerance indices]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 252-259 (2025). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa *(e-mail: nyashachiuta@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Recurrent and prolonged droughts during the maize-growing season in Southern Africa severely threaten food security due to significant yield losses, especially during the flowering stage. Conventional breeding has identified key secondary traits and indices to aid in selecting drought-tolerant genotypes. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of newly developed maize hybrids under drought stress to identify climate-resilient cultivars for vulnerable regions. The yield and yield components were used to screen nine maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids for tolerance to drought stress at the flowering stage under field conditions. Nine hybrids and a drought-tolerant check (ZM525) were arranged in a 2 × 5 Randomised Complete Block Design with three replicates under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions. Data on days to 50% silking (DS) and anthesis (DA), anthesis-silking interval (ASI), ears per plant (EPP), number of rows per ear (NRE), cob length (CL) and grain yield (GY) were recorded. The hybrids differed significantly (p < 0.01) for ASI, EPP, EL and GY. Highly significant differences (p < 0.05) in hybrid by environment interaction were observed for ASI and grain yield only. Based on the results, drought stress significantly widened ASI (-5.7 to 5.3 days) and reduced GY by approximately 50%. Five drought tolerance indices (TOL, SSI, STI, MP, GMP) were used for screening and H6 and H1 outperformed the check (ZM5230) and other hybrids under stress. On the other hand, H5 and H7 exhibited great stability across environments. The principal component analysis showed a strong correlation among DS, DA, GY and all indices except TOL. Based on recorded traits and indices, H6 and H1 exhibited tolerance, while H3 showed great susceptibility to drought stress.
5. Ashish Kumar Verma*, Anil Kumar Singh, Abhinandan Singh, Shivam kaushik, Divya SIngh, Vikas Yadav and arpit singh [Effect of biofertilizers and variable nutrient sources on physico-chemical properties of soil and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.)]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 260-267 (2025). Department of Agronomy Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj-224229, Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh), India *(e-mail: ashishverma9787@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Black gram is a key pulse crop in India, known for its nutritional value and role in improving soil fertility via nitrogen fixation. However, organic farming alone cannot meet the growing food demand. This study evaluated integrated nutrient management (INM) combining biofertilizers with organic and inorganic inputs to boost yield and soil health. A field trial was conducted during Kharif 2023 and 2024 at Acharya Narendra Deva University, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India. The study followed a factorial randomized block design with three biofertilizer treatments (PGPR, PSB and PGPR+PSB at each 20 g/kg seed) and five nutrient management strategies, including combinations of RDF, vermicompost and enriched FYM. The black gram variety ‘Shekhar-2’ was sown at 30 × 10 cm spacing using 25 kg/ha seed rate. Growth and yield attributes were recorded, and soil properties were analyzed using standard methods, including pH, EC, organic carbon, available NPK and microbial counts via serial dilution. The best results were recorded with PGPR + PSB and 50% RDF + vermicompost + enriched FYM, significantly increasing plant height, branches, dry matter and grain yield (1,365.71 and 1,492.68 kg/ha). Soil quality improved through lower pH, reduced EC and higher organic carbon, nutrients and microbial populations. The study confirms that the integrated use of biofertilizers and reduced fertilizers with organics sustainably enhances black gram productivity and soil health.
6. TATYANA IVANCHENKO* AND IRINA IGOLNIKOVA [Effects of seed treatment compounds on physiological processes, yield dynamics and disease resistance in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L)]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 268-278 (2025). Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) 97 Universitetskiy Prospekt, 400062, Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: ivanchenko-t@vfanc.ru)
ABSTRACT
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) of the Compositaceae family thrives in arid regions and is a drought-tolerant alternative to sunflower. Its cultivation gains significance amid climate change. Modern plant protection integrates minerals, fulvic and humic acids, nutrients, bacteria, and bioactive extracts. Seed treatments with these formulations enhance resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, stimulate growth, and improve yield and quality, ensuring adaptability to challenging climatic conditions. This study aims to investigate the effects of applied compounds on safflower by analyzing physiological processes, yield dynamics, and disease resistance. The research was conducted from 2021 to 2023 in the dry steppe zone of the Lower Volga region at the experimental field of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology, Russian Academy of Sciences (Volgograd, Russia). The studies present the results of the effect of pre-sowing treatment using a chemical preparation -Heraklion (based on azoxystrobin 15 g/lg/L + tiram 400 g/lg/L + tebuconazole 25 g/lg/L); a chemical preparation- Heraklion (based on azoxystrobin 15 g/lg/L + tiram 400 g/lg/L + tebuconazole 25 g/lg/L). + Nanosilicon- biological preparation (based on mineral fertilizer with active silicon particles with a size of 0.005 microns, free of impurities -50%, iron- 6%, copper-1%, zinc- 0.5%); biological preparations- Geostim Fit Zh, Geostim Fit A (based on 8 species of living minerals microorganisms Chaetomium globosum, Trichoderma viride, Bacillus megaterium, Azospirillum brasilense, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Mesorhizobium ciceri, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bacillus subtilis and their metabolites) + Gumel Lux (complex of humic and fulvic acids and chelated complex of micronutrients: N, P, K, S, B, Mo, Mn, Cu, Co, Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na). In the course of research, we found that the use of biological preparations led to a decrease in diseases and an increase in the yield of safflower. When applying these protection methods, we noted an improvement in the phytosanitary condition (root rot) of safflower plants by 53.7% (development) and 58.4% (spread) with biological protection and by 48.5% (development) and 52.9% (spread) with chemical protection. The increase in yield compared to the control (treated with water) is +42.6% (biological protection) and +1.5% (chemical protection).
7. Korneeva E. A.* [Economic impact of land degradation on agricultural production in arid regions in Russia]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 279-284 (2025). Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation Russian Academy of Sciences, 400062, Volgograd, 97, University Ave., Russia *(e-mail: korneeva.eva@list.ru)
ABSTRACT
Soil degradation in arid southern European Russia, intensified by climate change and unsustainable farming, requires urgent attention. While water and wind erosion impacts are known, their economic consequences remain understudied at regional scales, hindering mitigation efforts. Our study bridges this gap through a comprehensive economic assessment of degradation impacts in this progressively aridifying region. The investigation was carried out from 2022 to 2024 by the Laboratory of Economy and Mathematical Modeling of the Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology, Integrated Melioration and Protective Afforestation (Russian Academy of Sciences) in the dry steppe zone of Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The main aim was to identify the territorial features of the degradation processes and to determine the economic damage to agriculture caused by water and wind erosion. Methodologically, the research combined analysis of degraded area statistics with economic modeling of productivity losses in winter wheat cultivation. It is established that despite comparable peak yield losses (2.8 t/ha for winter wheat), water erosion caused 2.1 times greater aggregate economic damage (USD 5.85 million) than wind erosion (USD 2.79 million). Normalized per hectare, this disparity decreased to 34% (USD 118.4 versus 78.3/ha), reflecting water erosion’s broader spatial distribution, and wind erosion’s concentrated local intensity. This study provides novel, granular insights into the economic consequences of soil degradation in southern Russia, demonstrating that both erosion types require equivalent policy consideration despite their differing spatial manifestations. The results highlight the necessity of incorporating both absolute and relative economic indicators in sustainable land management strategies.
8. A. A. Tubalov* [Assessment of forest suitability of soils in the Volgograd region, Russia]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 285-290 (2025). Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (FSC of Agroecology RAS), 400062 Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: tubalovlexa1@rambler.ru)
ABSTRACT
Agroforestry measures are vital for combating environmental degradation and desertification. Their success relies on strategic planning and scientific support. Assessing forest growth conditions helps establish protective plantations where trees can thrive. Soil suitability analysis ensures optimal tree and shrub selection, while soil cover variations inform technological improvements for plantation success. The present study was conducted from December 2022 to December 2024 at the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (FSC of Agroecology RAS). This study, based on a 1:400,000 scale soil map, classified land into four forest suitability groups. It aimed to develop a cartographic model of forest-growing soil properties using QGIS to enhance agroforestry planning. The research focused on the Volgograd region, the historical center of Russian agricultural production, covering over 112,000 square kilometers. The region exhibits significant natural contrasts, transitioning from semi-desert in the south to dry steppe and steppe in the north. The research employed the cartographic method to assess forest growth properties of soils. The initial soil map served as the foundation for delineating four forest suitability groups. QGIS was utilized for spatial modeling and analysis. The results indicated that the region’s soil diversity significantly affects the feasibility of agroforestry measures. The identified forest growth conditions of the study area demonstrate a high degree of contrast. Thus, in the northern steppe region, the most fertile soils of the first two forest suitability groups predominate, together they occupy 88.8% of the area. In the southern semi-desert region, on the contrary, soils of the third and fourth forest suitability groups predominate, they occupy 95.5% of the area. A differentiated approach based on soil diversity enhances land reclamation efficiency in degraded areas. Therefore, the study’s findings can be applied to similar landscapes, optimizing afforestation efforts in regions susceptible to desertification.
9. CUCU SUHERMAN*, INTAN KRISNA DEWI, MIRA ARIYANTI AND MOCHAMAD ARIEF SOLEH [Impact of intercropping systems on the growth and yield of mature oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in Indonesia]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 291-297 (2025). 1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia *(e-mail: cucu.suherman@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Wide spacing among oil palm trees in mature Stage II (MS II) plantations offers an opportunity for intercropping with food crops like rice, corn, and soybeans. Identifying an intercropping system that positively impacts the growth and yield of oil palm is a primary objective of this study. Therefore, this research was conducted at the Ciparanje Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, from January to April 2024. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with four treatments, each replicated four times. The treatments included monoculture oil palm, intercropping with rice, corn, and soybeans. The results showed that the intercropping treatment of oil palm + soybean had the best effect on the growth and yield of oil palm compared to monoculture. Plant height growth increased by 9.43%, the number of fronds increased by 12,43%, stem girth increased by 9,17%, stomata conductance increased by 6,43%. Intercropping MS II oil palms provides the same growth and physiological characteristics as monoculture MS II oil palms based on the results of vegetative data and oil palm production which are not significantly different.
10. LE LY VU VI*, LE HUU HAI, TRAN BA LINH AND LE VINH THUC [Optimizing durian production: impacts of drip irrigation and organic mulching on yield, fruit quality and soil properties]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 298-305 (2025). 1School of Agriculture, Can Tho University Campus II, 3/2 Street, Xuan Khanh Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam *(e-mail: villv91@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) is one of the most economically important fruit crops in Vietnam Mekong Delta. However, durian regions were affected by water scarcity because of periodic salinity intrusion events. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a study to optimize water use efficiency in durian cultivation without compromising yield and quality. This study sought to identify the impacts of using drip irrigation and organic mulching on the productivity, fruit quality, and soil properties of a common durian variety in Mekong Delta for two seasons in 2022 and 2023. The results showed that drip irrigation treatments, with or without mulching, used significantly less water than the farmer practice control (2.6 to 3.9 times lower), without reducing yield. Fruit quality was significantly higher in S (drip irrigation with 10 kg/tree of rice straw mulching) and D (drip irrigation without mulching) than in the control. Mulching treatments, including M (drip irrigation with 10 kg/tree of manure), B (drip irrigation with 10 kg/tree of biochar), M + B (drip irrigation with 5 kg/tree each of manure and biochar), and S + M + B (drip irrigation with 5 kg/tree of straw, manure, and biochar) significantly enhanced soil properties. Therefore, we recommend that drip irrigation with organic mulching materials should be applied to improve water use efficiency, durian fruit quality, and soil health.
11. DHARMENDRA KUMAR, NEERAJ KUMAR*, C. N. RAM, SURESH KUMAR, RAJESH KUMAR, S. B. SINGH AND SHIPRA YADAV [Assessment of yield, chlorophyll content and nutrient use efficiency in potato crop under site-specific nutrient management using the QUEFTS Model]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 306-311 (2025). Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology Kumarganj-224229, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India *(e-mail: drneeajkumar@nduat.org)
ABSTRACT
Solanum tuberosum (L.), the world’s fourth most important food crop, is a nutrient-intensive vegetable requiring precise fertilisation for optimal growth and yield. Conventional blanket fertiliser recommendations often result in inefficient nutrient use and environmental concerns. This study applies the QUEFTS model within site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) to improve nutrient efficiency and tuber productivity through balanced fertiliser strategies to local conditions. In this regard, a field experiment was carried out at the Vegetable Research Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India, under the AICRP on potato during the Rabi seasons of 2022–23 and 2023-24. The study was conducted in the middle Indo-Gangetic Plains using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) comprising 10 treatment combinations comprising 75%, 100%, and 125% NPK based on both recommended and QUEFTS-based doses, along with absolute control without NPK each replicated three times. The results indicated that the highest tuber yield (36.14 t/ha), haulm yield (15.41 t/ha), chlorophyll content (19.05 mg/plant) and nutrient use efficiency (82.22%) were observed in treatment 125% NPK as per QUEFTS model. In contrast, the lowest tuber yield (19.92 t/ha), haulm yield (8.91 t/ha), and chlorophyll content (10.89 mg/plant) were recorded in treatment without NPK (absolute Control). Nutrient application based on the QUEFTS model helps assess soil nutrient status, enabling balanced fertilization to sustain potato productivity, improve soil health and nutrient availability.
12. MOHAMMED HASSAN SABRI BAHIA, ALAA SALIH ATI, SHATHA SALIM MAJEED, GALWAH TALAL SAMI, AMIR TAHA KUDEIR AND KUSAY A. WHEIB [Impact of reduced tillage on water use efficiency and tuber yield components of two variation potatoes under sprinkler irrigation in Jazeera Al-karma region/Al-Anbar Governate]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 312-318 (2025). College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: m.hassan.bahia@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of two reduced tillage implements (Disc Harrow and Spring Tooth Harrow) on the productivity and water use efficiency of two potato cultivars (Synergy and Burren) under center pivot irrigation in coarse-textured desert soils, during the autumn season of 2024. The field experiment followed a factorial design (2 × 2 × 4), and measurements included seasonal crop water consumption, irrigation water depth, yield, and Field Water Use Efficiency (WUEf). Results revealed significant differences in tuber yield and water productivity between treatments. The Burren cultivar under Disc Harrow recorded highest yield (80 Mg/ha) and highest WUEf (11.7 kg/m3), whereas Synergy under Spring tooth Harrow showed lower yield and water efficiency Seasonal water consumption varied with the cultivar and growth duration and was 778 mm for Burren and 661 mm for Synergy. Reduced tillage integrated with accurate scheduling of irrigation improved available soil moisture at field capacity and subsequently improved plant growth and nutrient uptake. This study emphasizes the need for tillage practice to match soil texture and crop species for efficient use of applied irrigation and to maximize crop productivity. Results also give the first local values of seasonal crop water requirements for the Synergy and Burren cultivars under center pivot irrigation in Iraq and hence for similar soils to aid better agriculture in arid regions.
13. H. L. NGUYEN, T. X. P. TRAN, D. K. TRAN, V. S. HOANG AND D. H. TRAN1* [Effect of the application of composted bark of Acacia on growth and yield of leaf mustard (Brassica integrifolia) under organic cultivation]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 319-324 (2025). 1Hue University. 3 Le Loi Street Thuan Hoa, Hue City, Vietnam *(e-mail: tdanghoa@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Currently, planting organic vegetables is receiving attention from both growers and consumers in Vietnam. Leaf mustard (Brassica integrifolia (H. West) O. E. Schulz) is a common and commercial vegetable crop. The compost processed from Acacia bark and cow dung, has a positive effect on plant growth, yield of the plant, and improved the soil fertility. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of composted bark of Acacia named Compa LPH on the growth, yield of leaf mustard plants and soil properties under organic cultivation. The field experiment was conducted in the spring-summer season from March to May 2024 at an organic farm at Vinh My commune, Phu Loc district, Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam (N16047’2660; E107052’6904) with five application levels (e.g. 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 tons/ha) of CombaPLH. Growth parameters, fresh and dry plant weight, yield of leaf mustard and soil properties were investigated. The results showed that the CompaLPH had a positive effect on the growth and yield of leaf mustard. Fertilization at 12 and 15 tons/ha was the optimal rate for the highest growth and yield of leaf mustard. Soil decomposed with CompaLPH compost increased organic matter and improved soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Therefore, CompaLPH compost can be used as an organic fertilizer for organic leaf mustard production.
14. Konjengbam Ramit Singh* and Nagato K Aye [Quantitative assessment of growth and morphological traits in tomato cultivation under polyhouse conditions in Nagaland]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 325-331 (2025). North East Initiative Development Agency (NEIDA) Bayuvu, Kohima, Nagaland-797001, India *(e-mail: ramit@neida.org.in)
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research was to assess the impact of varied substrates on heirloom, tree, and cherry tomato seedlings grown at two nursery stations in Nagaland, India. The experiment was conducted during 2022-23 in two locations: K Station, Tseminyu, and Pfutseromi, Phek are selected based on topographical variation and climatology. Five substrate mixtures were tested: T1: Sand + Soil; T2: Garden wastes + FYM; T3: Treated Manure/FYM + cocopeat; T4: Cocopeat + Vermicompost + Perlite; and T5: Soil + Sand + FYM. Seedling growth characteristics recorded at 30 days after sowing were as follows; shoot length, root length, shoot and root diameter, shoot dry and fresh biomass, leaf number and branch number. Consequently, data of seedling growth reveals the differences in relation to the substrates and nurseries stations studied both in the current research and the previous study. The comparative analysis revealed that the T5: Soil + Sand + FYM treatment was the best for all tomato varieties, as demonstrated by the significantly higher shoot length and root length, shoot fresh and dry weight, and all the vegetative parameters. On the other hand, the treated Manure/FYM + Cocopeat (T3) substrate recorded the least value in majority of the parameters analyzed. For the growth rates of the nursery stations, K Station recorded a better performance in heirloom and cherry tomato while Pfutseromi was better in tree tomato seedling implying that altitude and temperature influenced the growth of seedling. Therefore, it can be seen that both substrate selection and the conditions at the nursery station are of paramount importance in the promotion of the early growth phases of tomato plants. The Soil + Sand + FYM (T5) is an effective media for enhancing the tomato seedling growth and the best recommended environmental conditions include a temperature of 26-28°C, humidity of 65-70% and the growth of the seedlings in a phytotron.
15. R. T. Mussina*, M. Yu. Ishmuratova, A. K. Ramazanov, S. U. Tleukenova, E. A. Gavrilkova and M. M. Silantiyeva [Application of ethylene glycol and glucose as cryoprotectants in the cryopreservation of Lychnis chalcedonica seeds]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 332-338 (2025). E. A. Buketov Karaganda University, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: Rosanna_1983@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
The pharmaceutical industry’s increasing reliance on natural plant materials for phytopreparations highlights the need for sustainable methods of medicinal plant production. Lychnis chalcedonica, a valuable medicinal plant used in folk medicine and known for its wide range of biological activities, faces challenges in seed storage due to natural population reduction. Cryopreservation of L. chalcedonica seeds becomes a crucial tool to preserve genetic diversity and ensure a stable source of raw materials for future cultivation, while enhancing its availability for the pharmaceutical industry and medicinal use. Seeds of this variety were collected in the State National Natural Park “Buiratau”, August 2023. Studies on cryopreservation of seeds of this species were conducted in the laboratory of the research park «Biotechnology and Ecomonitoring» of E.A. Buketov Karaganda University. It has been shown that seeds retain high germination after storage in liquid nitrogen. The effect of ethylene glycol and glucose as cryoprotectants was studied to increase the efficiency of storage in liquid nitrogen. It was found that ethylene glycol in concentrations of 5-15% provides acceptable germination, and glucose in concentrations of 20-40% contributes to the preservation of germination energy. The results obtained confirm the possibility of effective cryopreservation of L. chalcedonica seeds for long-term storage, which opens prospects for the conservation of this valuable species and inclusion in the cryobank of medicinal plant seeds.
16. Wahyu Daradjat Natawigena1,*, Ichsan Nurul Bari, Sheren Yashmine Chantika, Rachmawati, Nur’aini Herawati and Syifa Nabilah Subakti-Putri [Effect of cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane) on metabolism and activity patterns of rice-field rats (Rattus argentiventer Robb & Kloss) and its potency as a repellent for rodent control]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 339-345 (2025). Vertebate Pests Sub-division of Plant Pest Laboratory, Department of Plant Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia *(e-mail: w.daradjat@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Cadaverine compound causes an unpleasant odour known as the smell of death. This study objected to testing the effect of the cadaverine compound on the rice-field rat as the major pest species. The potency of cadaverine as a repellent was tested inside the T-Maze arena (choice test). Its effect on metabolism and daily activity patterns was tested in metabolic cages (no-choice test). The experiments were conducted from April to October 2021. The choice (T-Maze) and no-choice (Metabolic cage) experimental methods were used with the Independent Sample T-Test, which involves control and cadaverine (six replications) in six days. The results showed that rice-field rats tended to approach the control treatment without cadaverine compounds in the T-Maze arena. Meanwhile, cadaverine compounds decreased metabolic cages’ food and water consumption, feces weight, and urine volume. Furthermore, the compound caused changes in daily activity patterns by increasing movement but decreasing eating and resting activities. The cadaverine compound had potential as a repellent against the rice-field rat.
17. K. M. POFU* AND P. W. MASHELA [Host-status and host-sensitivity of sweet potato cultivar ‘Blesbok’ to Meloidogyne javanica]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 346-351 (2025). University of Limpopo, Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727 South Africa *(e-mail: kgabo.pofu@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is an important staple crop valued for its high nutritional content and adaptability to adverse environmental conditions. However, its production is constrained by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species), particularly Meloidogyne javanica (Treub [Chitwood]) which significantly reduce yield and quality in various crops. This study evaluated the host-status and host-sensitivity of the sweet potato cv. ‘Blesbok’ to M. javanica in a pot experiment, conducted at the Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, University of Limpopo. A randomized complete block design with seven inoculation levels (0, 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125 and 15625 eggs + second-stage juveniles (J2) and six replications were used. Validation was done over two growing seasons. Nematode reproductive factor (RF), root galls and key plant variables were assessed at 56 days after inoculation. Meloidogyne javanica was able to establish and reproduce on ‘Blesbok’ at low inoculation levels, with RF exceeding 1, but declined to below 1 at higher inoculation levels. Variable RF values, the absence of root galls and plant variables which were not affected by nematode infection, but all suggested a degree of tolerance rather than resistance. The findings suggest that while ‘Blesbok’ can be cultivated in nematode-infested fields, integrated pest management strategies may be necessary to mitigate nematode pressure in high-density infestation areas. Future research should focus on alternative control measures to enhance the sustainability of sweet potato production in nematode-prone environments.
18. A. T. Daunde*, V. S. Khandare, R. D. Baghele and S. V. Pawar [Integrated approach for the management of yellow mosaic virus disease in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 352-359 (2025). 1All India Coordinated Research Project (Vegetable Crops) Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth Parbhani, Maharashtra-431 402, India *(e-mail: atdaunde@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate integrated disease management (IDM) treatments for controlling the insect vector whitefly, which transmits Bitter Gourd Yellow Mosaic Virus (BGYMV) in bitter gourd. The study assessed various integrated management strategies to mitigate BGYMV disease effectively. Seven treatments were tested in a randomized block design over five consecutive summer seasons from 2018-2023. The most effective treatment was sowing of two rows of maize as border crop in the main field followed by cultivation of bitter gourd on sliver plastic mulch and installation of yellow sticky traps in each plot and sequential spraying of Acephate 75% SP @ 0.15%, neem oil @ 0.2% and Pyriproxyfen 10% EC @ 0.1% at 10 days interval after sowing. This treatment achieved the lowest disease incidence (7.48%), the highest disease control (78.44%), the lowest whitefly population (2.44%), the highest yield (91.83 q/ha), and cost-benefit ratio (1:2.54). Other effective treatments comprised microbial consortium, spray of kaolin, seaweed extract and buttermilk spray. All these treatments significantly reduced disease incidence and whitefly populations while increasing yields compared to the untreated control. The integrated approach consisting of cultural, biological and chemical methods proved superior to individual tactics for managing BGYMV. By reducing dependence on insecticides alone, this strategy offers a more sustainable solution for bitter gourd farmers to control viral diseases while improving productivity and economic returns. The findings demonstrate the ability of IDM as an effective long-term approach for managing BGYMV in bitter gourd.
19. UUM UMIYATI*, DENNY KURNIADIE, INTAN RATNA DEWI ANJARSARI AND MARISKA MADHA TRIAZAHRA [Impact of 2,4-D dimethyl amine on broadleaf weed management in sugarcane fields]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 360-367 (2025). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 2 Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia *(e-mail: uum.umiyati@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Weeds hinder sugarcane growth by competing for nutrients, water, light, and space, making effective weed management essential. Chemical control is a preferred approach, with herbicides offering a reliable solution. Among them, 2,4-D dimethyl amine (865 g/L) is particularly effective in managing broadleaf weeds commonly found in sugarcane fields. Therefore, this study was conducted in Gagasari Village, Gebang Sub-district, Cirebon Regency, West Java, from September 2024 to February 2025 to evaluate the efficacy of controlling broadleaf weeds to enhance sugarcane cultivation. The experimental design used was a randomized block design (RBD) with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments consisted of the herbicide 2,4-D dimethyl amine 865 g/L at a dose of 1.5 L/ha; 2.0 L/ha; 2.5 L/ha; 3.0 L/ha; manual weeding, and Control. Experiment results showed that 2,4-D dimethyl amine 865 g/L herbicide at a dose level of 1.5 L/ha to 3.0 L/ha is effective in controlling broadleaf weeds (Ageratum conyzoides, Euphorbia hirta, Ipomoea triloba, Synedrella nodiflora) and total weeds up to 12 weeks after application (WAA) in sugarcane plants. 2,4-D dimethyl amine 865 g/L herbicide at a dose level of 1.5 L/ha to 3.0 L/ha does not cause phytotoxicity in sugarcane plants.
20. L. P. Rybashlykova* and S. Yu. Turko [Agrometeorological factors influencing lucerne hay formation in arid Southern Russia]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 368-373 (2025). Federal Research Centre of Agroecology, Amelioration and Protective Afforestation of Russian Academy of Sciences, 400062 Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: rybashlykova-l@vfanc.ru)
ABSTRACT
Lucerne, a high-yielding, multi-cut legume, offers consistent forage yields and high protein content under arid conditions. In southern Russia’s arid zone, where natural hayfields are highly weather-dependent, lucerne provides a stable and sustainable alternative. This study examines how agrometeorological factors affect lucerne crop formation to support optimised cultivation in the Volgograd region. This research was conducted at the experimental production field of the Scientific Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the period 2022 to 2024. The field experiment was conducted on light chestnut heavy loamy brackish soils. The field experiment, recordings, analyses and statistical processing were carried out by the methodology of field and agrotechnical research with forage crops. The study established that soil moisture is the main factor determining the yield of hay and lucerne seeds. It is revealed that an important role in the formation of yields is played by moistening during the period of maximum growth, during the branching phase. This period lasts for three decades from the beginning of regrowth to the end of May; the correlation coefficient was r=0.88. In years with average moisture during the growing season, there are two maxima of linear and weight gain in the branching phase and the budding phase. The stress of meteorological conditions during the budding phase reduces the growth energy and the final yield of hay. In the territory under consideration, the average yield of lucerne hay is 1.74 t/ha with annual fluctuations from 1.3 to 3.0 t/ha.
21. D. T. C. NGUYEN, D. T. NGUYEN AND D. H. TRAN* [Effect of organic and NPK fertilizer rates on the growth and yield of sand ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.)]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 374-380 (2025). Hue University. 3 Le Loi Street Thuan Hoa, Hue City, Vietnam *(e-mail: tdanghoa@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Sand ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a valuable medicinal and spice plant, traditionally used for various therapeutic purposes. However, overexploitation has led to a decline in its natural reserves, highlighting the need for sustainable cultivation. This study examines the combined effects of chemical (NPK) and microbial organic fertilizers on its growth and yield, providing insights for sustainable production and conservation in Vietnam. The field experiment was conducted from March 2023 to June 2024 at a local farmer’s farm at Ayun commune, Mang Yang district, Gia Lai province, Vietnam. The study used a split-plot design with microbial organic fertilizer (Song Gianh) at four levels (0–3 t/ha) and NPK fertilizer at five levels (0–150 kg N, 0–150 kg P‚ O… , 0–110 kg K‚ O/ha). The results showed that the microbial organic fertilizer and NPK had a positive effect on the growth and yield of sand ginger. Fertilization at 3 t/ha of the organic microbial fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer levels of P2 (120 kg N, 120 kg P2O5 and 90 kg K2O/ha) was the optimal dose for the highest growth and yield of sand ginger. Soil decomposed with the combined fertilizers increased organic matter and improved soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Therefore, the combined fertilizers can be used for sand ginger production.
22. SITI USWATUN HASANAH*, HIMALAYA WANA KELANA AND ADANG FIRMANSYAH [Effect of macronutrient supplementation on andrographolide content in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees]. Research on Crops 26 (2): 381-387 (2025). Indonesian College of Pharmacy STFI, Parakan Resik 354, Bandung, 40266, Indonesia *(e-mail: sitiuswatunhasanah@stfi.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Andrographis paniculata, a widely used medicinal plant in Indonesia, is valued for its bioactive compound andrographolide, predominantly found in its leaves. Nutrient availability, especially macronutrients like calcium, potassium, and sulfur, plays a crucial role in enhancing plant metabolism and secondary metabolite production. This study was conducted during 2023 and 2024, at the Indonesian College of Pharmacy, West Java, Indonesia, to explore how targeted supplementation of these nutrients influences andrographolide content in different plant tissues to improve its medicinal quality and yield. Seeds of Andrographis paniculata were sourced from BALITRO, Indonesia, and sown in 20 × 20 cm polybags containing 7.5 cm of planting medium. Uniform seedlings (approx. 25 cm tall) were transplanted and given a basal dose of SP-36, KCl, and urea. Plants were grouped into treatments: Control (N), N + Calcium (CaCl‚ ), N + Potassium (KNO3), and N + Sulfur, with three dosage levels each. Andrographolide was identified by TLC and quantified by HPLC using a C18 column, with methanol:water (65:35) as the mobile phase and detection at 224 nm. The experimental results indicated that the application of 0.44 g of KNO3 fertiliser yielded the highest average growth in terms of plant height and number of leaves. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis confirmed the presence of andrographolide in all methanol extracts of A. paniculata, as evidenced by the appearance of spots corresponding to the andrographolide standard at an Rf value of 0.5. Quantitative analysis revealed that the highest andrographolide concentration, at 9.428%, was observed in plants treated with a high dose of CaCl‚ applied to the leaves.
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