Volume 60, Number 5 & 6 (September & November 2025)

1. Khandaker Bushra Rahman, Shakil Ahmed, Sumaiya Akter, Rayhan Ahmed, Humayun kabir, Mahin Islam Talha and Kawsar Hossen* [Sustainable yield and quality enhancement through biofertilizer application in BRRI Dhan 28 and black rice in coastal area of Bangladesh]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 235-246 (2025). Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Science Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh *(e-mail: kawsar.ag@nstu.edu.bd)

ABSTRACT

In Bangladesh the excessive use of chemical fertilizers on rice-based production system causes significant risks to soil health, ecological sustainability, and sustainable food security, as well as overlooking widespread nutritional deficiency. In this study, which is conducted at Noakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, during the 2022-2023 Boro season, a sustainable option was investigated by examining the influence of integrated biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers on plant growth, yield, and nutrient composition of the conventional BRRI dhan 28 and nutrient-dense black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica). A randomized complete block design was employed with three treatments, T0 as control, T1 as the recommended chemical fertilizer, and T2 as Mixture of chemical fertilizers- 50% of recommended dose and biofertilizers (biochar 5 t/ha and vermicompost 2 t/ha). All data were collected and compared using analysis of variance on agronomic and nutritional attributes. The results indicated that the integrated biofertilizer treatment (T2) significantly enhanced all the growth and yield attributes for the two varieties. Interestingly, black rice yielded a superior grain yield of 9.82 t/ha over BRRI dhan 28, along with a denser nutrient profile with higher carbohydrate content (97.67 g/100g) and protein content (8.79 g/100g), along with superior antioxidant activity (68.7% inhibition of DPPH). Overall, using biofertilizers with reduced application of chemicals not only raises production but also drastically increases the nutritional value of rice, of which black rice is a superior type to increase food security as well as nutrition results in sustainable agricultural systems.

2. Cherukuru Venkata Sai Prasa, Bandana Rani Barik*, Sitabhra Majumder, Tufleuddin Biswas and Prativa Pramanik [Growth and yield response of rice-fallow maize (Zea mays L.) to varying nitrogen and phosphorus levels in Odisha]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 247-258 (2025). M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi, Odisha-761211, India *(e-mail: bandanabarik.ruby@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

With global food demand rising, rice-fallow lands in eastern India offer immense potential for secondary season maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation. However, productivity in these systems is constrained by poor nutrient availability, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. Hence, evaluating maize response to N and P under zero-till conditions is crucial for enhancing yield and ensuring sustainable intensification in the Eastern Ghats of Odisha. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2023-24 at the postgraduate research farm, M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, to evaluate the response of rice-fallow maize (Zea mays L.) to different nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The experiment followed a factorial randomised block design (FRBD) with three replications, comprising two factors: nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Nitrogen was applied at four levels: N1 (0 kg N/ha), N2 (60 kg N/ha), N3 (120 kg N/ha), and N4 (180 kg N/ha), while phosphorus was applied at three levels: P1 (0 kg P/ha), P2 (40 kg P/ha), and P3 (80 kg P/ha), resulting in a total of 12 treatment combinations. The highest growth, yield attributes, and yield were recorded under the combined application of 180 kg N/ha and 80 kg P/ha (N4P3). This treatment significantly enhanced plant height (220 cm), leaf area index (4.8), and dry matter accumulation (1146 g/m²). Yield components such as cob length (25.4 cm), cob girth (19.1 cm), grains per row (35), grain rows per cob (15.7), and 100-seed weight (41.2 g) were also maximised under N4P3. The same treatment produced the highest grain yield (6.51 t/ha), stover yield (8.75 t/ha), and harvest index (42.7%).

3. Debasmita Mondal, Suprava Nath*, Tanmoy Shankar, Bishnuprasad Dash and Jnana Bharati Palai [Comparative performance of foliar spray of urea and nano urea on productivity and nitrogen uptake of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Southern Odisha]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 259-265 (2025). Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-761 211 (Odisha), India *(e-mail: supravanath96@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Rice relies on significant and continuous nitrogen nutrition across its entire growth period. Imbalanced nitrogenous fertilization of rice not only leads to reduced crop yields but also degrades soil quality. The foliar application of nitrogen plays a decisive role in plants’ growth and development. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in Kharif, 2023, at the Post Graduate Research Farm, Centurion University of Technology & Management, Odisha. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design, comprising 8 distinct nitrogen application treatments, each with different timing and proportional rates, arranged across three replications. The results of the experiment revealed that the significantly highest plant height (138.5 cm), number of tillers (264/m2), dry matter accumulation (1358 g/m2), number of panicles (249/m2), number of spikelets/panicle (159), grain yield (5997 kg/ha), straw yield (7643 kg/ha) were obtained in the application of 75 % RDN through urea (50 % at basal + 25 % at tillering) along with three foliar sprays of nano urea (FSNU) @ 4 ml/L at maximum tillering, jointing and panicle initiation (PI) which was at par with 75 % RDN through urea (50 % at basal + 25 % at tillering) + 3 foliar spray of urea (FSU) @ 2 % at maximum tillering, jointing and PI compared to the other treatments. The significantly lowest values were recorded in control. The study concluded that application of 75 % RDN through urea (50 % at basal + 25 % at tillering) + three FSNU @ 4 ml/L at maximum tillering, jointing, and PI enhances vegetative growth, yield components, and ultimately grain yield in Kharif rice.

4. NASRIN BEGUM, SUNITA MEHER*, RAJESH SHRIRAM KALASARE, SUJAY KUMAR PAUL, NIRMALA PATEL AND BIKRAMJEET GHOSE [Dynamics of weed suppression and crop response to herbicides under different establishment methods in Kharif rice (Oryza sativa L.)]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 266-272 (2025). M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-7612 11 (Odisha), India *(e-mail: sunitameher60@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Rice is a staple food for much of the world, grown mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. Conventional transplanting, though widely practised, is increasingly challenged by labour and water scarcity. Dry direct seeding has emerged as a promising alternative, offering savings in time, labour, and water, but heavy weed pressure limits its potential. Since, rice is cultivated across diverse ecosystems that differ in weed flora and dynamics; hence, appropriate weed management strategies are essential to tackle this variation. Since herbicides offer the fastest and most efficient control option, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of different pre- and post-emergence herbicides during the Kharif season of 2024 at the Post Graduate Research Farm, M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications, two crop establishment methods – transplanted rice (TPR) and dry seeded rice (DSR) were assigned to the main plots, while five weed management practices were tested in subplots: including pre-emergence (PE) that is pretilachlor and post-emergence (PoE) included: fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, ethoxysulfuron and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl with a test rice variety RNR-15048. Results indicated that transplanted rice outperformed dry-seeded rice in terms of weed suppression, growth, and yield attributes, with a 33% yield advantage. Among weed management strategies, pretilachlor fb pyrazosulfuron-ethyl proved most effective, showing comparable performance to hand weeding in terms of weed control efficiency (82.76%), and yield reduction of only 5% with highest B:C ratio (1.66) among all treatments, surpassing hand weeding as well, which showed a B:C ratio liability of 41% due to engagement of labours. Therefore, the combined use of pretilachlor and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in either rice establishment method can significantly enhance productivity and contribute to food security.

5. SARAVANA KUMAR MURUGESAN, RAMADASS SIVALINGAM*, RAJESHKUMAR ARUMUGAM, RAJASEKAR MANIVELU, KANNAN DURAI AND NAVEENKUMAR RADHAKRISHNAN [Response of rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) to elevated temperature under aerobic conditions]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 273-279 (2025). SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu-603 201 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: ramadass@srmist.edu.in)

ABSTRACT

Increasing atmospheric temperature is the consequence of global warming, which is anticipated to have an impact on crop growth and development and decrease the productivity of crops in tropical regions. A comprehensive evaluation of rice’s sensitivity to elevated temperatures is necessary for identifying temperature-tolerant rice varieties with higher production to meet future demand for the world’s expanding human population. A pot culture experiment was conducted during the summer season (January – April) of 2023 at SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu, to study the response of different rice varieties to elevated temperatures (2-3°C) at different growth stages under aerobic conditions. Four rice varieties, including Kanchana, Jyothi, Uma and Aishwarya, were selected and elevated temperature (2-3°C above ambient) was imposed at different stages, viz., tillering to panicle initiation stage, panicle initiation to flowering stage, flowering to maturity stage, along with Control. A Completely Randomised Block Design was adopted with three replications. Significant variation in plant height, number of tillers, leaf area, days to flowering, dry matter production and grain yield was observed among the varieties. The variety Aiswarya recorded higher plant height (107.25 cm), number of tillers (11.70), leaf area (1662 cm2), dry matter production (35 g/hill), and grain (14.22 g/hill) under elevated temperature. The variety Aiswarya plays an important role in sustaining rice productivity under climate change conditions.

6. Gaddam Tarun*, Krishan Pal, Kavita Rani, R. P. Saharan and Mayur H. Chaudhari [Integrating morpho-physiological and grain quality indicators to identify climate-responsive wheat genotypes under contrasting agro-ecologies in India]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 280-288 (2025). Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo-151302 (Punjab), India *(e-mail: iamtarungaddam@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Wheat, a staple for global food security, faces increasing threats from environmental stresses, particularly terminal heat, alongside a continuous demand for enhanced grain quality. Understanding the genetic basis of morpho-physiological and quality traits, and their environmental interactions, is crucial for crop improvement. This study aimed to identify climate-responsive wheat genotypes by comprehensively assessing morpho-physiological, yield, and grain quality parameters. The research spanned two Rabi seasons (2023-24 and 2024-25) across contrasting Indian agro-ecologies: Talwandi Sabo, Punjab (normal conditions), and Ongole, Andhra Pradesh (late-sown, heat-stressed conditions). Forty-three diverse wheat genotypes, including three checks, were evaluated using a Randomised Block Design (RBD) for field experiments and a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) for laboratory analyses. The investigation focused on dissecting genotypic distinctions, elucidating trait interrelationships, quantifying varietal separations, assessing protein content, and characterising heat stress impact through various indices and multivariate analyses. Significant genotypic distinctions were observed for all 26 evaluated traits, encompassing phenological, morphological, yield-contributing, seedling vigour, and grain quality attributes. Heat stress accelerated phenological development, drastically reduced most morpho-physiological traits and yield components, leading to substantial reductions in grain yield. Interestingly, mean test weight and protein content increased under stress. Varietal analyses showed distinct performances: G40 (PBW 475) excelled in optimal conditions, while G27 (HD 3386), G4 (WH 1140), and G32 (PBW 706) showed promise under heat stress. HD 2307 consistently exhibited high protein content. Stress indices and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) successfully differentiated heat-tolerant genotypes (e.g., HD 2307, PBW 677, HD 3386) from susceptible ones. This research provides a robust framework for developing high-yielding, climate-resilient wheat cultivars for contrasting Indian agro-ecologies.

7. SANJEEV KUMAR AND ISHWAR SINGH* [Influence of integrated nutrient management on wheat: Perspectives on growth and yield]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 289-298 (2025). Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) Mullana-133207, Ambala (Haryana), India *(e-mail: iskangren@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The increasing dependence on synthetic fertilizers and agrochemicals in wheat cultivation has raised serious concerns about soil degradation and environmental sustainability, particularly in major wheat-producing counties like India. This has created a pressing need to explore alternative approaches that enhance crop productivity while preserving ecological balance. Integrated nutrient management (INM) has emerged as a promising solution, aiming to optimize the use of chemical inputs by integrating them with organic and biological nutrient sources. This review focuses on the role of INM in wheat cultivation, particularly its effects on crop growth, yield attributes, and overall productivity. It also examines the various components and combinations of INM practices, including the use of compost, green manure, biofertilizers, and reduced synthetic inputs. The review indicates that integrated nutrient management (INM) significantly improves wheat growth by increasing plant height, the number of tillers, and leaf area, which reflect better crop health. Yield-related traits such as longer spike length, more grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight are also positively affected under INM practices. These enhancements contribute to a notable increase in overall grain yield and biomass production. The reduced reliance on synthetic fertilizers, combined with the use of organic and biological inputs, not only improves nutrient availability and uptake but also supports long-term soil health. This balanced approach ensures sustainable yield improvements while minimizing the environmental footprint of wheat cultivation.

8. SUMIT RAY, SAGAR MAITRA*, MASINA SAIRAM AND BISRUTI MAITY [Effect of precision nitrogen management and plant stimulants on the growth and yield in a Rabi maize-summer groundnut cropping system]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 299-307 (2025). Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-761 211 (Odisha), India *(e-mail: sagar.maitra@cutm.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

Maize has emerged as a key driver of crop diversification in rainfed and irrigated conditions due to its high yield potential, wider adaptability, and lucrative economic returns. When followed by a legume crop, the maize–groundnut sequential cropping system not only increases land and time use in a sequential cropping but also improves soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation when legumes are considered in the system, residue contribution, and better nutrient recycling. The present study was conducted during 2024-25 at P. G. Research Farm of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha. The treatment consisted of four levels of nitrogen application, viz., 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), i.e., 150 kg/ha; 125% RDN; N application through SPAD-based sufficiency index < 90-95%; and N application through NDVI-based GreenSeeker and three types of plant stimulants (potassium humate @ 25 kg/ha, seaweed extract at 25, 50, 75 DAS, @ 5%; and fulvic acid @ 2 ml/L). The study revealed that the highest growth attributes and yields were recorded in 180 kg/ha of nitrogen application, which remained statistically at par with SPAD-based SI e” 95%. Among plant-stimulants, significant values with the highest growth attributes and yields were recorded with potassium humate application at 25 kg/ha, and it remained significantly superior to all other plant-stimulant treatments of the study. The study concluded that integrating SPAD-based nitrogen management and potassium humate application @ 25 kg/ha could improve the growth and productivity of crops under the maize–groundnut sequential cropping system.

9. SUMIT RAY, SAGAR MAITRA*, MASINA SAIRAM AND SAGAR LALICHETTI [Impact of maize-groundnut intercropping system on growth and yield as influenced by phosphorus, potassium and sulphur fertilisation]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 308-316 (2025). Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-761 211, Odisha, India *(e mail: sagar.maitra@cutm.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

Maize, the versatile cereal, can be grown under several cropping systems irrespective of the growing season. As a widely spaced crop, it offers an ample scope for the temporal intensification of the cropping system by adopting intercropping. Maize is a nutrient-draining crop and a considerable quantity of nutrients is to be provided for the proper growt and development. Under an intensive cropping system, besides primary nutrients, sulphur (S) has become an inevitable nutrient. However, the research on maize + legume intercropping systems with nutrient management is meagre. Based on the above facts, a field experiment on maize + groundnut with varied levels of phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and S was conducted at P. G. Research Farm of the Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, in the Rabi season of 2024-25. The trial was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The main plot treatments were three intercropping systems, namely, maize (uniform row) + groundnut (1:1), maize (paired row) + groundnut (2:2) and maize (paired row) + groundnut (2:3), and the subplot treatments comprised four nutrient levels such as 100% recommended dose (RD) of P, K, and S, 125% RD of P, K and S, 150% RD of P, K and S, and 0% RD of P, K and S (control). The experimental results revealed that maize + groundnut intercropping system performed well in the expression of growth parameters of crops, grain yield (6136kg/ha) and stover yield of maize (9200kg/ha) and pod yield (1307kg/ha) and haulm yield (2313kg/ha) of groundnut with 150% RD of P, K and S. Among intercropping systems, maize + groundnut (2:2) registered the highest grain yield of maize (5853kg/ha), while the mixed stand of maize + groundnut (2:3) recorded the highest pod yield (1319kg/ha). In terms of the competition functions, the maize + groundnut (2:2) intercropping system recorded the highest LER (1.53) and ATER (1.46) under the nutrient level of 150% RD of P, K and S, which indicated superior spatial and temporal land use efficiency over other intercropping systems. Based on the above findings, the study concluded that maize paired row + groundnut (2:2), along with 150% RD of P, K, and S can be the most suitable treatment combination for achieving higher productivity and land use efficiency.

10. N. GAYATRI*, GUDAPATI ASHOKA CHAKRAVARTHY, B. MAHESH NAIK, MARAGANI VAMSHI AND M. VIKRAM SAI [Effect of pre- and post- emergence herbicides on the weed flora and productivity of Rabi maize (Zea mays L.)]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 317-323 (2025). 1Department of Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences Malla Reddy University, Hyderabad-500 100 (Telangana), India *(e-mail: gayuanju2001@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Crop yields are affected by various biotic and abiotic factors, with weed infestation being a major cause of significant yield losses. In Rabi maize, unmanaged weeds compete for nutrients, water, and light, reducing productivity. Evaluating the effectiveness of pre- and post-emergence herbicides is essential to manage weed flora, minimize competition, and improve crop performance under changing weed dynamics. Based on this, a field experiment was carried out during Rabi 2024-25 at the College Farm, School of Agricultural Sciences (SoAS), Malla Reddy University, Maisammaguda, Hyderabad, Telangana To evaluate the effect of pre- and post-emergence herbicides on weed flora and productivity of Rabi maize (Zea mays L.). The field experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications, comprising combinations of pre-emergence herbicides (atrazine and pyroxasulfone) followed by either hand weeding or post-emergence herbicides (tembotrione or topramezone). An early post-emergence application of mesotrione + atrazine was also included. Weed-free and unweeded control plots were maintained for comparison. The weed-free treatment recorded the lowest weed density, biomass, and weed index, along with the highest weed control efficiency, crop growth, yield attributes, and grain and stover yields. However, atrazine 50 WP (1000 g/ha) applied pre-emergence followed by tembotrione 34.4 SC (120 g/ha) applied post-emergence was the most effective herbicidal option, providing comparable weed control, improved yield parameters, and the highest benefit-cost ratio. Hence, this combination is recommended as an economical and efficient weed management strategy for maize under labour constraints.

11. Priyanka Paul, Sunita Meher*, Ashirbachan Mahapatra and Siddhartha Das [Impact of herbicide application on weed flora, yield attributes and soil microbial population in Rabi maize (Zea mays L.)]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 324-329 (2025). M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-761211 (Odisha), India *(e-mail: sunitameher60@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Maize plays a vital role in India’s food and livelihood security. Despite its significance, maize productivity in regions like Odisha remains moderate, partly due to severe early-season weed competition. While herbicides offer effective control, their excessive use poses serious threats to soil microbial health and long-term sustainability. Based on this, a field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2024-25 at the post graduate research farm of M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha to assess the impact of herbicide application on weed flora, yield attributes and soil microbial population in Rabi Maize. The study involved ten treatments, including pre-emergence (PE), post-emergence (PoE), and sequential applications of atrazine, mesotrione, tembotrione, and topramezone, along with hand weeding (HW) and a weedy check, which were evaluated using maize hybrid Bayer DKC-9217 in a randomised block design. The lowest weed density, weed dry matter were recorded under HW at 20 and 40 DAS, followed by atrazine + mesotrione (ready-mix) 875 g/ha PoE at 20 DAS and atrazine 1000 g/ha PE fb topramezone 30 g/ha PoE at 20 days after sowing (DAS). The weedy check showed a 54.58% yield loss. Growth parameters, yield attributes and yield were significantly highest in HW at 20 and 40 DAS and statistically comparable with the two best-performing herbicidal treatments. Atrazine + mesotrione (ready-mix) 875 g/ha PoE at 20 DAS improved soil microbial and PGPR populations, comparable to the atrazine 1000 g/ha PE fb topramezone 30 g/ha PoE at 20 DAS, suggesting both treatments as eco-friendly and sustainable weed management options for Rabi maize.

12. K. MADHUKIRAN NAIK*, RAMARAO1, B. MAHESH NAIK, C. SUDHARSHANA AND K. AVIL KUMAR [Impact of diverse nutrient sources on agronomic performance and residual soil nutrients in Rabi maize (Zea mays L.)]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 330-336 (2025). 1Department of Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences Malla Reddy University, Hyderabad-500 100 (Telangana), India *(e-mail: naikmadhukiran31@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Conventional fertilizers reduce long-term crop productivity by causing soil degradation, nutrient imbalance, and leaching. Nano-fertilizers offer a sustainable alternative, releasing nutrients slowly with minimal leaching and environmental impact. Since maize is highly responsive to the applied nutrients and being an exhaustive crop it needs more fertilizers to complete the life cycle. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2024–25 at the School of Agricultural Sciences, Malla Reddy University, Hyderabad, with randomised block design including nine treatments and replicated thrice. In this study, two recommended dosages of fertiliser (RDF) levels (75 and 100%) were evaluated in combination with two-stage sprays of nano DAP, seed treatments along with consortia and lignite. Application of 100% of the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), supplemented with two foliar applications of nano DAP (2 mL/L) at 8 leaf and tasseling stage, recorded significantly superior growth attributes viz., plant height (284 cm), leaf area (3 290 cm²/plant), leaf area index (2.74), total dry matter (479 g/plant) and grain yield (10000 kg/ha), stover yield (15000 kg/ha), biological yield (27 500 kg/ha) along with higher nutrient available after harvest (N: 312.88 kg/ha; P: 15.78 kg/ha; K: 205 kg/ha). Application of 100% RDF along with 2 sprays of nano DAP @ 2 mL/L can markedly enhance yield and nutrient use efficiency under semi arid tropics of Telangana.

13. WASHIM PARVAZ, SAUMI GOSWAMI*, PRAGUN PAL, ARGHYA BANERJEE, PRIYATOSH GIRI AND SAGAR MAITRA [Effect of phosphorus and biofertilizer inoculation on growth, yield and post-harvest soil nutrient status of Rabi maize (Zea mays L.) in coastal areas of West Bengal]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 337-343 (2025). 1Department of Agronomy, School of Agriculture and Allied Sciences The Neotia University, Diamond Harbour South 24 Parganas-743 368 (West Bengal), India *(e-mail: saumi.goswami@tnu.in)

ABSTRACT

Maize is potentially important for human nutrition and contributes to strengthening food security, parallel to the cultivation of rice. Due to the nutritional value, dietary energy source and the emerging limitations of rice farming in the reduced water supply scenario in India during winter, the growing trend of adopting maize, especially in the rabi season under judicious nutrient management practices, is in high demand. However, fewer findings are available on enhancing the rabi maize productivity with balanced nutrient management in the coastal tracts of West Bengal. Based on the above facts, a field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different doses of phosphorous in combination with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) and Phosphate-Solubilising Bacteria (PSB) for enhancing growth and yield of maize in rabi season of 2024-25 comprising ten treatments, conjoining biofertilizers either solely without any chemical phosphorous or with different levels of chemical phosphorous separately that can boost the productivity of rabi maize. The P2O5 application at 60 kg/ha, combined with VAM inoculation at 20 g/kg seed exhibited the highest grain yield (5.91 t/ha) and stover yield (8.31 t/ha), as well as all growth and yield parameters, indicating the most suitable synergistic impacts between the bioinoculant and inorganic phosphorus. The aforesaid treatment was closely followed by applying P2O5 @ 40 kg/ha + VAM inoculation @ 20 g/kg, with the grain yield of 5.53 t/ha, and it remained significantly inferior in enhancing the grain yield of maize. The combined impact of 60 kg phosphorus + 20 g VAM/kg seed reflected better plant growth that eventually increased the grain yield of rabi maize, which can be recommended for the coastal areas of West Bengal.

14. SURAJIT PATRA, RAJESH SHRIRAM KALASARE*, TRIPTESH MONDAL, PRASANTA KUMAR PATRA, LIMBRAJ PARSHURAM PHOLANE, ROMAN KUMAR MAHTO AND P. K. SURYAWANSHI [Optimization of fertiliser levels for enhancing growth and yield of Kharif finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) in Southern Odisha]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 344-350 (2025). Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-761211, Odisha, India *(e-mail: rajesh.kalasare@cutm.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

The food security and nutritional sustenance in the semi-arid zones of India notably depend on finger millet, a crop rich in minerals and essential amino acids. In Southern Odisha, however, its productivity remains far below the national average due to erratic rainfall and poor soil fertility. Thus, optimising fertiliser levels is vital to enhance yield and ensure economic benefits for marginal farmers. Thus, a field study was conducted at the Post Graduate Research Farm, MSSSoA, CUTM, Odisha, to test the performance of finger millet under a wide range of major nutrient doses. Nutrient doses were: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 175% of the recommended dose of fertiliser (RDF), which was set at 60:30:30 kg/ha N:P‚ O… : K‚ O kg/ha for finger millet cultivation in southern Odisha. Growth parameters such as plant height(142 cm), number of tillers per m2 (73.3), leaf area index (3.58) and dry matter accumulation(617 g/m2) along with yield attributes like the number of effective tillers/m2 (46.1), number of fingers per ear head (6.86), number of grains/finger (1074), and finger length (6.64) as well as grain yield (1522 kg/ha) and stover yield (4587 kg/ha) were all maximized under the 175% RDF treatment. The observed improvements were attributed by meeting the higher nutrient demand of the crop to satisfy its physiological demand by a greater amount of available primary nutrients in the soil. Findings of the present study suggest that the adaptation of 150% RDF in place of 100% will be a promising strategy to increase the finger millet productivity of southern Odisha.

15. Mani Ch1, Vikram Sai M*, GUDAPATI ASHOKA CHAKRAVARTHY, Vamshi M AND SAI KUMAR [Effect of integrated weed management practices on weed control and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 351-356 (2025). Department of Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences Malla Reddy University, Hyderabad-500 100 (Telangana), India *(e-mail: saivikram462@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Weeds pose a serious threat to sunflower by competing for nutrients, water, space, and light, leading to substantial reductions in growth and yield. They also serve as alternate hosts for pests and diseases, which can further reduce productivity by up to 81%. As conventional methods show limitations, there is a pressing need to evaluate integrated weed management approaches for sustainable and efficient sunflower cultivation. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2024-25 at Research Farm, School of Agricultural Sciences, Malla Reddy University, Hyderabad, to find out the effect of different integrated weed management practices on the weed dynamics, growth, yield, and economics of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with eight treatments, viz., the combination of Pendimethalin 30 % EC PE @ 1.0 kg a.i/ha + Quizalafop-ethyl 5% EC PoE @ 0.05 kg a.i./ha, Hand weeding at 30 days after sowing (DAS), Paddy straw mulching and intercropping with green gram (1:1) ratio and was replicated thrice. The results revealed that application of pendimethalin 30 % EC PE @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha + Hand weeding at 30 DAS resulted lowest weed density, dry weight, and higher weed control efficiency. This approach also yielded the highest seed and stalk yield, demonstrating its effectiveness in controlling weeds and enhancing the productivity of sunflower by reducing weed competition.

16. BISRUTI MAITY, MASINA SAIRAM*, SUMIT RAY, SAGAR MAITRA, BISHNUPRASAD DASH AND DEBANJAN GUCHHAIT [Evaluation of polyhalite as a potassium and sulphur source for improving the growth and productivity of summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 357-362 (2025). 1Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi-761 211 (Odisha), India *(e mail: sairam.masina@cutm.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

Groundnut is an important legume oilseed crop with high oil and protein content. Improper agronomic practices, climate change and reduced soil fertility have collectively led to yield stagnation of summer groundnut in India. To address these constraints, polyhalite, a natural mineral fertiliser, containing 14% K2O, 18% SO3, 17% CaO and 6% MgO, can be a vital input for improving the productivity of ground nuts. Adequate potassium and sulphur nutrition play a pivotal role in enhancing yield and oil content, whereas their imbalance often results in yield reduction and poor seed quality. Considering these, the present study was carried out from 12 January to 18 May 2025 at the P. G. Research Farm of M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Odisha. The experiment was designed in a randomised block design with 10 treatments and three replications. The experiment included various nutrient combinations of potassium and sulfur applied through bentonite sulphur, muriate of potash (MOP), and polyhalite, including full (100%), reduced (75%), and increased rates (125%), as well as split applications combining K2O and S sources. The Kadri-6 variety (K-6) was considered for the experiment. The results revealed that the highest plant height (112.0 cm), dry matter accumulation/plant (666.5 g/m2), LAI (2.91), number of nodules/plant (181.3), pods/plant (31.7), filled pods/plant (22.3), pod yield (2674 kg/ha) and haulm yield (4340 kg/ha) were recorded from the treatment with 125% K through polyhalite. Among others, the 100% K2O through polyhalite and 75% K2O through polyhalite remained statistically at par with the aforesaid treatment in expression of the agronomic traits. The experiment concluded that the application of polyhalite for K and S can enhance the growth and productivity of summer groundnuts.

17. Sujan Saha, Urjashi Bhattacharya*, Piyush kumar Ghosh, Aakash Ghosh and Sagar Maitra [Influence of phosphorus and seaweed extract on growth, yield, and economics of Kharif pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) in coastal saline West Bengal]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 363-370 (2025). Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry, School of Agriculture and Allied Sciences The Neotia University, Diamond Harbour, South 24 Parganas-743 368 (West Bengal), India *(e-mail: urjashibhattacharya@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Pigeon pea acts as an effective Kharif crop in places suffering from abiotic stresses. The seaweed extracts as biostimulants pose an eco-friendly alternative to chemical fertilisers by boosting agricultural productivity and tolerating environmental stress. Based on the above facts, an experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2023-24 in the coastal saline zone of West Bengal to evaluate the effects of phosphorus doses along with seaweed extract on the growth and productivity of pigeon pea. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design, with seven treatments replicated thrice. In this study, the treatments included were control, 40, 50, and 60 kg P2O5/ha alone; and 40, 50, and 60 kg P2O5/ha with 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% seaweed extract, respectively. It was found that the application of  60 kg P2O5/ha + 0.4% seaweed extract resulted in significantly higher growth parameters such as plant height, number of nodules/plant and number of branches/plant at different growth stages, and yield attributes, namely, number of pods/plant (222), number of grains/pod (3.97), number of seeds/ plant (889) and 1000-grain weight (86.70 g). The same treatment registered the highest grain (1516 kg/ha) and stover (3841 kg/ha) yields, along with net monetary return (INR 75982) and B:C ratio (2.91) over the rest of the treatments. The study concludes that the application of 60 kg P2O5/ha + 0.4% seaweed extract can be recommended to the pigeon pea farmers in the coastal zone of West Bengal for enhancing growth, productivity and economic return.

18. Neetu Soni* and Pawan L. Kulwal [Multivariate analysis to elucidate yield components and dry root rot disease response in F2 populations of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 371-380 (2025). Department of Agricultural Botany Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722, Maharashtra, India *(e-mail: neetusoni639@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Yield is an important and complex quantitative trait that is profoundly affected by environmental factors. Currently, dry root rot disease causes more yield reduction in chickpea. Exploiting an association between yield and its associated traits is required to increase the selection efficiency. Therefore, this study approaches correlation analysis, principal components and path coefficient analysis to evaluate variation in F2 segregating populations. The present investigation was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Botany Farm, Post Graduate Institute, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra, from October 2017 to November 2022. The resistant (JSC-37) and susceptible (Vijay and Digvijay) parents to dry root rot were used to develop F2 mapping population, which comprised 150 and 38 individuals and later F3 population was screened for dry root rot disease. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlation of all characters with seed yield per plant in F2 population of both crosses except days to flowering. Negative association of disease incidence with seed yield was shown in both crosses. Path coefficient study revealed a high direct effect of the number of pods per plant on seed yield per plant in both crosses. Particularly, the number of secondary branches per plant, the number of pods per plant and biological yield were simultaneously shown to be the primary cause of variations in Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis in both crosses. As a result, these traits could be regarded as the most suitable choice factors in breeding programs for developing high yielding varieties.

19. Nguyen Quoc Khuong*, Tran Trong Khoi Nguyen, Vo Yen Ngoc, Nguyen Duc Trong, Le Thanh Quang, Le Thi My Thu and La Cao Thang [Storage of biofertilizers containing potassium-solubilising purple nonsulfur bacteria, Cereibacter sphaeroides M-Sl-09, Rhodopseudomonas thermotolerans M-So-11 and Rhodopseudomonas palustris M-So-14]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 381-391 (2025). 1Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture Can Tho University, Vietnam *(e-mail: nqkhuong@ctu.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

Rapid population growth, environmental pollution, and climate change are intensifying pressure on agriculture, demanding sustainable nutrient management to ensure food security. Replacing part of chemical fertilisers with bio-organic fertilisers from agricultural by-products, enriched with beneficial microbes like purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB), can enhance soil quality and crop yield. Storing biofertilizers in a mixture of carriers and substrates helps maintain microbial density stability for a longer period. This study was conducted to determine the optimal moisture content for storing biofertilizers with the highest viable cell density and assess the ability of biofertilizers to retain macronutrient contents and a stable C/N ratio. The experiment was carried out from October 2024 to April 2025 arranged in a completely randomized design with four moisture levels (40, 50, 60, and 70%) applied to four biofertilizer formulations (BFs), consisting of carrier–substrate mixtures (rice husk ash, maize stems, maize leaves) at a 1: 1: 3 ratio. The formulations included: BF1 containing Cereibacter sphaeroides M-Sl-09, BF2 containing Rhodopseudomonas thermotolerans M-So-11, BF3 containing Rhodopseudomonas palustris M-So-14, and BF4 containing a mixture of the three strains, and stored for six months. Results showed that bacterial densities in the biofertilizers were highest at 60% moisture, with values of 5.93, 5.68, 5.95, and 5.85 × 10v CFU g{ ¹ for BF1, BF2, BF3, and BF4, respectively. Nutrient contents of N, P, and K in the four formulations ranged 1.01–1.26%, 0.184–0.256%, and 0.751–1.07%, respectively. In addition, the C/N ratios of BF1, BF2, BF3, and BF4 were 15.0, 14.6, 14.7, and 15.4, respectively.

20. Tarunibala Sanabam, Jnana Bharati Palai*, Sarath Kumar Duvvada, Sumit Ray, Joy Kumar Dey, Ardhakula Neeraja and N. Swathi [Energy and carbon budget of summer groundnut under paddy straw mulching and phosphorus levels in south Odisha]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 392-400 (2025). 1Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi-761211 (Odisha), India *(e-mail: jnana@cutm.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

Energy and carbon budgeting of summer groundnut assesses resource-use efficiency and sustainability under varied practices. In South Odisha, high energy inputs and carbon emissions necessitate strategies like paddy straw mulching and phosphorus application to enhance nutrient uptake, optimise energy use, reduce carbon footprint and improve profitability. The present experiment was conducted during 2022 at P.G. Experimental Farm of Centurion University of Technology and Management. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three paddy straw mulch treatments as main plots (M1: no mulch, M2: paddy straw mulch @ 2.5 t/ha, M3: paddy straw mulch @ 5 t/ha) and four phosphorus levels as subplots (P1: 0 kg P2O5/ha, P2: 20 kg P2O5/ha, P3: 40 kg P2O5/ha, P4: 60 kg P2O5/ha) and replicated thrice. The study revealed that total energy input increased with higher mulch and phosphorus rates, with maximum input (71,570 MJ/ha) from 5 t/ha straw mulch and 40,515 MJ/ha from 60 kg P2O5/ha. Mulching significantly influenced gross energy output (110,737 MJ/ha from 5 t/ha), while plots without mulch exhibited the highest energy use efficiency (10.25), net energy (83,694 MJ/ha) and energy productivity (0.23). Phosphorus at 60 kg/ha resulted in maximum gross energy output (114,568 MJ/ha), net energy (74,053 MJ/ha), carbon output (2,956 kg C/ha), carbon efficiency (3.10) and carbon sustainability index (2.10). Carbon footprint remained unaffected by treatments. The correlation analysis revealed that the groundnut pod yield is positively associated with gross energy output, carbon output and sustainability index, while it remained negatively correlated with carbon footprint, indicating improved resource-use efficiency and reduced environmental impact.

21. Mahendra Andiek Maulana*, Cahyo Aji Roliono AND Yang Ratri Savitri [Cropping pattern management strategy for optimizing irrigation water use: A case study of the SIM irrigation area]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 401-407 (2025). 1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Jl. Teknik Kimia, Keputih Sukolilo District, Surabaya, East Java 60111, Indonesia *(e-mail: mahendra@ce.its.ac.id)

ABSTRACT

The imbalance between water availability and demand due to climate change, infrastructure damage, and increased demand from other sectors is a major challenge in agriculture. This research was conducted during June –December 2024 in agricultural areas in the SIM (Saluran Induk Madiun) Irrigation District, which covers Magetan, Madiun, Ngawi, and Madiun City, and the Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS), Surabaya, with the aim of analyzing existing cropping patterns and adjusting them to water resources to increase the cropping index (CI). Crop pattern optimization using a POM-QM-based approach shows that the current CI is only 54.06% at a discharge of 244.41 l/s. The developed alternative crop patterns have the potential to increase CI with strategies that are more appropriate to the available discharge, with the second alternative being the most feasible because it increases CI without adding to the complexity of land management. Uniform cropping patterns and consistent water monitoring support sustainability, so the research results are expected to provide practical recommendations for optimizing irrigation management, water use efficiency and increasing food security.

22. JATIN KUMAR* AND MEGHA CHOUDHARY [Amelioration effect of exogenously applied organic acids on morphology and physiology of Pisum sativum plants under salt stress]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 408-414 (2025). 1Department of Life Sciences, Jaypee University Anoopshahr, Bulandshahr-203390, Uttar Pradesh, India *(email: Jatin.kumar@mail.jaypeeu.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

Salt stress is a significant abiotic stress that affects agriculture worldwide. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) belongs to Leguminosae family, which is an important vegetable crop which is majorly cultivated for its edible seeds. However, pea is salt sensitive crop, and its yield is severely impacted under high salty soils, globally. The application of organic acids to salt affected crop plants can be effective in mitigating salt stress. In the present study, amelioration effect of five different organic acids, namely, gallic acid, ascorbic acid, oxalic acid, glycine (amino acid), and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) on morphology and physiology of pea seedlings under salt stress were studied. It was observed that high salt stress concentrations (NaCl: 3000 mg/kg) severely affected the morphology and physiology of pea plants. High salt concentration resulted in decrease in shoot length (44%), leaf area (32%), branches number (18%), shoot weight (58%), leaf relative water content (22%), chlorophyll a (29%), chlorophyll b (53%), and carotenoids (26%) as compared to control pea plants. All the organic acids improved the morphology and physiology of pea seedlings under high salinity and among all organic acids tested, gallic acid proved to be the best in mitigating salt stress. Treatment of pea seedlings with gallic acid resulted in increase in shoot length, leaf number, and shoot weight by 8%, 30%, and 9% in comparison to control seedlings under high salinity. The present study revealed that exogenous application of organic acids can be used in making an effective salt amelioration strategy in pea plants.

23. D. K. TRAN, T. X. P. TRAN AND D. H. TRAN* [Foliar application of carbon dots improves the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 415-420 (2025). University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University 102 Phung Hung Street, Phu Xuan Ward, Hue City, Vietnam *(e-mail: tdanghoa@hueuni.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

Carbon dots (CDs), discovered in 2004, are an emerging member of the carbon nanomaterial family. With their promising properties, CDs have found numerous applications across a wide range of fields. In recent years, their use in agriculture has attracted increasing attention; however, studies on their effects on plant yield and quality remain limited. To address this gap, a field experiment was conducted during the winter season (September–November 2024) at an organic farm in Huong An commune, Hue City, Vietnam (N16°282 21.813 ; E107°312 36.9963 ). The experiment evaluated the effects of CDs applied at seven concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 ppm) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) growth, yield traits, and soil physicochemical properties. The findings demonstrated that CD application had a positive effect on lettuce growth and yield, with the highest yield (23.73 t/ha) observed at 60 ppm. Furthermore, CD application at 60 ppm increased soil organic matter by 0.13% and improved both the physical and chemical properties of the soil, resulting in increases in pH (KCl), total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium by 0.45, 0.055, 0.026 and 0.033%, respectively, compared with the treatment without CD application. These results suggest that the foliar application of carbon dots can provide multiple benefits for lettuce production while simultaneously improving soil quality.

24. MADHUSUDAN NARAYAN*, PARIMAL KUMAR, SUPRIYO BASAK AND RAJEEV KANTH [Smart agriculture through AI and IoT integration: Automation of AI-controlled greenhouses and digital crop advisory systems]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 421-432 (2025). 1Amity University Jharkhand Naya Sarai, Ranchi-835 303 (Jharkhand), India *(e-mail: msnarayan07@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

This research hypothesizes that the integration of AI and IoT technologies including WSNs, GPS/GIS, deep learning, and machine vision within smart agriculture systems such as greenhouses and digital crop advisories can significantly improve input efficiency, reduce environmental footprints, and increase smallholder inclusivity. It further posits that enabling technologies like 5G/6G, edge computing, multispectral imaging, and blockchain-enabled recycling will enhance real-time decision-making, support autonomous operations in remote terrains, and mitigate lifecycle impacts of agricultural digitization. Collectively, these advancements are expected to contribute to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 (Zero Hunger) and 13 (Climate Action). A systematic literature review (PRISMA protocol; conducted Jan- May 2025) analyzed 85 peer-reviewed studies (2020–2025) from Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore, employing thematic assessment of technical efficacy, socio-economic adoption, environmental trade-offs, and policy frameworks. AI-controlled greenhouses achieved 40% water savings in arid regions via precision irrigation; digital advisories with VRT reduced orchard pesticide use by 55%; voice-based NLP alerts boosted smallholder engagement by 89%; solar-edge computing lowered emissions by 35%; and blockchain-driven recycling achieved 85% sensor reuse. Critical barriers included LiDAR signal limitations under dense canopies, interoperability gaps between legacy/modern systems, and high costs excluding 60% of smallholders.

25. Mehak Jain, Ram Kumar Pundir* and Rajesh Yogi [Comparative studies on antifungal activity of plant extract and commercially available antibiotics against fungi causing mucormycosis]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 433-440 (2025). 1Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India *(e-mail: drramkpundir@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

In the present Covid era, mucormycosis (black fungus) is mostly explored by the researchers. It is relatively rare, but also very serious as far as no proper treatment of this fungal infection that commonly causes infection in immune compromised or diabetic patients and COVID patients due to prolonged use of steroids. The present study was designed to screen the antifungal activity of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) a medicinal plant against Absidia blakesleeana and Rhizomucor pusillus by using Agar Well Diffusion method. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of R. pusillus and A. was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. This research work was conducted between 1st January 2024 and 28th February 2025. The antifungal activity of C. longa was screened and examined the zone of inhibition of 12mm in petroleum ether extract in A. blakesleeana and none of the activity was observed in either of the solvents in R. pusillus. Ketoconazole (36mm) was found to be most effective against R. pusillus. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of A. blakesleeana exhibited sensitive against Clotrimazole (22 mm). The phytochemical analysis of C. longa revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides and flavonoids compounds in the solvent petroleum ether.

26. Shivangi Shukla, Raghunath Satpathy and Amiya Kumar Patel* [Molecular identification and characterization of butachlor-degrading bacteria isolated from the agricultural soil in Bargarh, Odisha]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 441-451 (2025). Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar-768019, Burla, Odisha, India *(e-mail: amiya.gene@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Butachlor is a chlorinated, persistent and toxic herbicide widely used in agriculture, posing serious threats to soil, water, and non-target organisms. Its accumulation disrupts microbial balance and suppresses beneficial species like cyanobacteria, impairing ecosystem functions. Current knowledge of its degradation mechanisms is limited, especially under varying soil and climatic conditions. Therefore, this study was conducted in Godabhaga in Bargarh district, Odisha during rainy season in 2024. The objective of the study was to isolate butachlor degrading bacteria followed by their biochemical characterization and identification through 16S rRNA ribotyping. Three bacterial strains, AFSB1, AFSB2, and AFSB3, were isolated from butachlor-treated agricultural soil in Attabira, Bargarh district, Odisha. Composite soil samples were enriched and cultured to isolate potential butachlor-degrading bacteria, followed by biochemical and antibiotic sensitivity profiling. Molecular identification was performed using 16S rRNA sequencing, and degradation efficiency was analysed using spectrophotometry and HPLC. Morphological and biochemical analyses identified the strains AFSB1 and AFSB2 as Gram-negative and AFSB3 as Gram-positive. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the isolates were identified as Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter cloacae and Rhodococcus sp. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis also verified close genetic relationships of these strains with known herbicide degraders. Further, the antibiotic susceptibility testing showed the patterns of multidrug resistance. According to these results, the strains that have been identified significant potential for application in bioremediation techniques aimed at lowering herbicide toxicity in agricultural lands.

27. Mohamed AZZOUZ*, Talia SERSEG**, Hicham Nabil AZZOUZ, Mohammed Lamine KHENIFI, Walid Elfalleh and Hamdi Bendif [Promoting seed germination and seedling development of three varieties of Medicago sativa using Djelfa compost tea on degraded semi-arid soils]. Crop Research 60 (5&6): 452-463 (2025). Department of Agro-Veterinary, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Algeria (e-mail: *m.azzouz@univ-djelfa.dz; **t.serseg@lagh-univ.dz)

ABSTRACT

The germination and early growth of three Medicago sativa varieties (American, Italian and Algerian) are evaluated in this study in relation to the effectiveness of a plant-based compost tea made from Djelfa compost tea in March 2024. According to physicochemical characterization, the compost tea had a rich mineral content with notable concentrations of bicarbonate and sulfate, a slightly acidic pH (6.78) and high electrical conductivity (3517.5 µS/cm). The Italian variety had the highest germination rate (88%), followed by the American (80%) and Algerian (48%) varieties, demonstrating genotype-dependent responsiveness in germination trials. Measurements of root and shoot growth also showed improved seedling quality, especially in the American variety, which exhibited the highest growth rate increases under compost tea treatment. These findings highlight how Djelfa compost tea can enhance alfalfa’s early developmental stages by promoting growth and enriching nutrients. In order to maximize the benefits of compost tea, the study highlights the significance of varietal selection and dose optimization. This study offers important insights into sustainable agricultural practices through demonstrating the potential of eco-friendly compost teas and stressing the significance of adjusting their application to genotype-specific responses in Medicago sativa.

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