Volume 61, Number 3 & 4 (May & July 2026)

1. Diandra Putri Rahmawati, Farhan Nabil Furqon, Darmawan Saptadi, Mochammad Roviq and Afifuddin Latif Adiredjo* [Multi-trait analysis of potential rice lines to optimise yield in dry-land conditions]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 225-231 (2026). Plant Breeding Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Bio-industry, Agriculture and Forestry, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia *(e-mail: al.adiredjo@ub.ac.id)

ABSTRACT

Declining rice cultivation area and rising demand in Asia, particularly in rice, threaten sustainable production, especially under water-limited dry-land conditions. However, limited multi-trait evaluation in advanced generations of upland rice constrains the identification of key yield-contributing traits for developing high-yielding, stress-tolerant varieties. Therefore, this study analysed correlations and regressions among yield components and productivity in six upland rice genotypes (four F8 lines and two reference varieties, Inpago 12 and Situ Bagendit) grown under dryland conditions at the Agro Techno Park, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia, from November 2025 to February 2026. Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, and path analyses were applied to twelve agronomic traits. Productivity showed the strongest correlation with grain weight (r = 0.90), followed by the percentage of productive tillers (r = 0.71) and the percentage of total grain weight (r = 0.58). Multiple regression indicated that six variables explained 88% of the variation in productivity (R² = 0.88), with grain weight having the most significant coefficient (6.21). Path analysis revealed negative direct effects of most traits (“4.617 to “4.664) that were compensated by positive indirect effects via harvest duration (H”10.3), grain weight accumulation (H”1.7), and growth characteristics (H”1.75). Genotypic correlations were extremely high (>0.90), including near-perfect synchronization between flowering and harvest time (r = 0.999), highlighting compensatory trait interactions and supporting indirect selection strategies for upland rice improvement under dryland conditions.

2. JARAJAPU ANUHYA, MASINA SAIRAM, SUMIT RAY, SAGAR LALICHETTI, BISRUTI MAITY, PANUGANTI SWARAJ KUMAR AND SAGAR MAITRA* [Impact of site-specific nutrient management and bio-stimulants on growth and productivity of summer rice (Oryza sativa L.)]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 232-238 (2026). Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry, M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-761 211, Odisha, India *(e-mail: sagar.maitra@cutm.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

Rice is a major staple crop supporting global food security; however, its productivity during the summer season is often constrained by suboptimal nutrient management and environmental stresses. To address this, a field experiment was conducted during the summer of 2025-26 at the P. G. Research Farm. Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha, India, to evaluate the influence of Rice Crop Manager-based Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) and bio-stimulants on the growth and productivity of rice. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomised Block Design with four nutrient management treatments: 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (120:60:60, N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha), 125% RDF, SSNM at a target yield of 5 t/ha, and SSNM at 6 t/ha and three bio-stimulants (plant extract-based amino acids @ 2 ml/L, seaweed extract @ 2 ml/L, and humic acid @ 25 kg/ha soil application + foliar spray of fulvic acid @ 2 ml/L)), which were replicated thrice. The results revealed that growth attributes at harvest, such as plant height (138 cm), dry matter accumulation (DMA) (1251 g/m²), number of tillers (323/m²) and leaf area index at 50 DAT (4.79) were significantly higher under 125% RDF, remaining statistically at par with SSNM with targeted at 6 t/ha in most cases. Similarly, yield attributes, including productive tillers, spikelets/ panicle, filled spikelets, panicle length, and test weight, were enhanced under 125% RDF. The highest grain (5674 kg/ha), straw (7021 kg/ha), and biological yields (12696 kg/ha) of summer rice were recorded under 125% RDF, remaining statistically comparable with SSNM at a target yield of 6 t/ha. The combined application of humic acid and fulvic acid yielded superior growth attributes and a comparable yield to amino acid application, remaining statistically similar. The study indicated that 125% RDF and SSNM (6 t/ha target) enhanced summer rice productivity with humic and fulvic substances.

3. GIDIJALA LIKHITA BHAVANI, LALICHETTI SAGAR*, MASINA SAIRAM, KARUKURI VISHNU, SHAIK RISHITHA, B. PAVAN KUMAR NAIK AND SAGAR MAITRA [Optimising sufficiency index threshold for nitrogen scheduling to enhance growth and productivity of transplanted rice]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 239-245 (2026). 1M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha-761211, India *(e mail: lalichetti.sagar@cutm.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

Efficient nitrogen management plays a key role in determining rice productivity. Conventional practices of N application were often prone to losses, resulting in low nitrogen use efficiency. The sufficiency index (SI) threshold-based N management using a chlorophyll meter has emerged as a promising alternative for real-time diagnosis of crop N demand. However, the appropriate SI threshold for guiding N management in this agroclimatic region during the dry season was yet to be optimised. In this scenario, an experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with eight treatments consisting of SI thresholds ranging from 80% to 95% at 2.5% interval along with a fixed time nitrogen management treatment (FN), and replicated thrice. Real-time nitrogen was monitored using a SPAD 502 meter from 14 DAT to 50% flowering at 7-day intervals, excluding the fixed-time treatment. The results revealed that SI-based N management (90-95%) was statistically at par with each other and recorded superior growth, yield attributes and grain yield (5425 to 5587 kg/ha). In terms of dry matter accumulation, effective tillers and grain yield, the former treatments (SI90-SI95) significantly outperformed fixed time nitrogen management (FN). Moreover, the highest agronomic N use efficiency (AEN) (21.36 kg/kg) and recovery efficiency (REN) (76.35%) were registered by SI90. However, the lower SI thresholds below 87.5% reported significantly inferior to FN. Therefore, SI90 could be the optimal sufficiency index threshold for nitrogen scheduling using a chlorophyll meter.

4. KARUKURI VISHNU, GUNTAMUKKALA SEKHAR*, TANMOY SHANKAR, BISHNUPRASAD DASH, GIDIJALA LIKHITHA BHAVANI, SITABHRA MAJUMDER AND CHINTA AKHILA [Influence of Nano DAP on growth and yield performance of kharif rice (Oryza Sativa L.)]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 246-253 (2026). 1Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry, M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-761211, Odisha, India *(e-mail: Guntamukkala.sekhar@cutm.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major staple crop essential for global food security, yet conventional phosphorus fertilization exhibits low use efficiency. Significant nutrient losses result in increased input costs and environmental problems such as eutrophication and soil degradation. Therefore, improving phosphorus use efficiency through advanced approaches like nano fertilizers is crucial for sustainable rice production. To evaluate this, a field trial was carried out to study the effect of nano DAP on the growth and yield of kharif rice (variety: RNR 15048) at Post Graduate Research Farm, M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha, in kharif season 2025-26. The experiment was conducted in a Randomised Block Design with eight treatments, including different rates of phosphorus application through DAP in combination with recommended doses of nitrogen and potassium and foliar application of nano DAP. Treatments ranged from absolute control and recommended dose of fertilisers to reduced phosphorus levels (75% and 50% P2O5 through DAP) combined with full nitrogen and potassium. The nano DAP was foliar applied at a rate of 4 ml/L during the AT stage and PI stage, either as a single application or at both stages, in order to study its efficiency in improving growth and production of rice. The highest values of growth attributes like plant height (143.2 cm), tiller number (333tillers/m2), dry matter accumulation (1475 g/m2), yield attributing characters i.e., effective tillers (286/m2), number of filled spikelets/panicle (164/panicle), panicle length (164 cm) and test weigh (15.21 g) was observed in treatment T7 with the application of nano 75% P, 100% N and K2O in combination with two foliar spray of nano DAP. Similarly, treatment T7 (75% P, 100% N and K2O in combination with two foliar sprays of nano DAP) recorded maximum grain yield (5.44 t/ha), straw yield (8.33 t/ha) and biological yield (13.77 t/ha) and economic parameters like cost of cultivation (56374 INR/ha), gross returns (144346 INR/ha), net returns (87971 INR/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.6). The lowest values for all the parameters were recorded in absolute control.

5. Gurvinder Kaur, Ishwar Singh* and Aaina Sharma [Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 254-259 (2026). Department of Agronomy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala-133207 (Haryana), India *(e-mail: iskangren@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Wheat productivity is constrained by continuous and imbalanced use of chemical fertilisers, leading to soil degradation and poor nutrient use efficiency. Integrated nutrient management combining inorganic fertilisers, vermicompost, and bio-stimulants offers sustainable improvement. However, varietal responses to these practices under intensive wheat systems require systematic evaluation. Based on this, a field experiment was conducted during two consecutive Rabi seasons (2023–24 and 2024–25) to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with three replications, comprising three wheat cultivars (WH-1105, WH-1124, and WH-1184) and four nutrient management practices involving inorganic fertilisers, vermicompost, and foliar application of Hairamine. Data were analysed on a pooled basis over two years. Pooled results revealed significant variation among cultivars and nutrient management treatments for growth parameters, yield attributes and yields. Cultivar WH-1184 recorded superior growth, dry matter accumulation and yield attributes compared to other cultivars. Among nutrient management practices, application of 50% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + 25% vermicompost along with foliar application of Hairamine at critical growth stages resulted in significantly higher grain yield, straw yield and biological yield. Interaction effects between cultivars and nutrient management practices were non-significant for most parameters. The study highlights the potential of integrated nutrient management in enhancing wheat productivity under timely sown conditions.

6. KAMLA DHYANI JAKHMOLA, SARVESH SUYAL, HITENDRA KUMAR* KIRAN BHARTI, INDIRA RAUTELA AND PRATIBHA BALUNI [Linking nitrate reductase activity with yield resilience of wheat genotypes under late-sown heat stress conditions]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 260-268 (2026). Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, India *(e-mail: hitendrakumar@sgrru.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

Terminal heat stress under late sowing significantly reduces wheat yield by impairing key metabolic processes. However, the stage-wise dynamics of nitrate reductase activity and its linkage with heat tolerance in wheat remain insufficiently explored. Therefore, the present study evaluated the response of nitrate reductase activity to heat stress and its relationship with yield performance in different wheat genotypes under contrasting sowing environments. A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season at the experimental farm of the School of Agricultural Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun, India. Twelve bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were grown under timely sowing (20 November) and late sowing (23 December) conditions using a split-plot design with three replications. Late sowing resulted in a significant reduction in nitrate reductase activity across all growth stages, indicating the inhibitory effect of elevated temperature on nitrate assimilation. Enzyme activity was highest at the vegetative stage and declined progressively toward grain filling. Analysis of variance identified the growth stage (F = 35.12) as the most dominant factor influencing enzyme activity, followed by sowing conditions (F = 22.34). NRA values ranged from 3.60-4.20 µmol NO2-/g FW at tillering to 0.60-0.85 µmol NO2-/g FW at 15 DAA. A significant positive correlation was found between NRA and biological yield (r = 0.48). Among the genotypes, Lok 54 demonstrated superior metabolic resilience, maintaining the highest mean NRA (3.92), the lowest HSI (0.42), and the maximum grain yield (46.2 q/ha) followed by PBW 574, and Raj 3765. It could be concluded that efficient nitrate assimilation under heat stress is crucial for wheat tolerance, with NRA serving as a reliable marker, and genotypes Lok 54, PBW 574, and Raj 3765 identified as promising donors for breeding resilient, nitrogen-efficient varieties.

7. SHALINI C, SARAVANA KUMAR M*, RAJESHKUMAR A, RAMADASS S, RAJASEKAR M AND MARY AMRIDHA SHIVANI A [Effect of irrigation regimes and colored plastic mulches on growth and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) in Tamil Nadu]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 269-275 (2026). SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu-603201, Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail: saravanm14@srmist.edu.in)

ABSTRACT

Sweet corn productivity is limited by water scarcity and inefficient irrigation practices in semi-arid regions. Drip irrigation and plastic mulching can improve water use efficiency and crop growth. However, their combined effects under different mulch colours and irrigation regimes are not well understood under Tamil Nadu conditions. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different irrigation levels and coloured plastic mulches on the growth, physiological, and root parameters of sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) during summer season of 2026 in Department of Agronomy, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu 603 201, Tamil Nadu. The study carried out with Randomized Block Design comprising eleven treatments with three replications involving three irrigation levels (75%, 100%, and 125% ETc) combined with black, silver-on-black, and white-on-black plastic mulches, along with control and farmers’ practice. The results revealed that growth, physiological attributes and yield of sweet corn were significantly influenced by irrigation regimes and mulch types. Drip irrigation at 125% ETc combined with silver-on-black plastic mulch recorded the highest plant height (77.3 and 186.2 cm at 30 and 60 DAS), stem girth (5.9 and 8.1 cm), internodal length (8.7 and 22.1 cm), leaf area index (1.74 and 3.67), SPAD value (40.68 and 42.68), root length (20.1 and 36.6 cm), dry matter production (103.57 and 780.21 g/m²), cob yield (19,260 kg/ha) and fodder yield (38,640 kg/ha). The superior performance was attributed to improved soil moisture availability, favourable microclimatic conditions and enhanced photosynthetic activity. The study concludes that drip irrigation at 125% ETc in combination with silver-on-black plastic mulch is an effective strategy for improving growth, physiological performance and productivity of sweet corn.

8. JEFLIN E, RAJESHKUMAR A*, BALASUBRAMANIAN P AND NAGAJOTHI R [Influence of bio-stimulants on growth, physiology and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata)]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 276-282 (2026). 1Department of Agronomy, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu-603201 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: rajeshka@srmist.edu.in)

ABSTRACT

Sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata), uniquely consumed fresh and raw directly from the cob, is increasingly grown with heavy chemical fertilisers that pose serious risks to consumer health and food safety, and the present study hypothesised that replacing a portion of chemical fertilisers with eco-friendly bio-stimulants would enhance nutrient uptake, chlorophyll synthesis, and assimilate partitioning to improve productivity without compromising human health. A field experiment was conducted during Summer 2026 (February-May 2026) at the old farm of SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India, in a Randomised Block Design with twelve treatments comprising foliar applications of seaweed extract (SWE), moringa leaf extract (MLE) and legume-derived protein hydrolysate (LDPH) at varying concentrations, each combined with 75% or 100% recommended dose of fertilisers (RDF). Plant height, leaf area index, SPAD, dry matter production, yield attributes and yield of sweet corn hybrid Sugar 75 were recorded at 30, 50 and 70 days after sowing. Foliar application of SWE @ 10% + 100% RDF (T4) significantly surpassed all other treatments in plant height (196.2 cm), LAI (5.84), SPAD (67.2) and DMP (17,520 kg/ha) at 70 DAS, recording the highest green stover yield (49,518 kg/ha) and fresh cob yield (16,297 kg/ha; dehusked). Spearman’s correlation confirmed strong positive associations among LAI, SPAD, DMP and yield, and SWE @ 10% with 100% RDF (T4) is recommended as a safe and sustainable strategy for maximising sweet corn productivity.

9. AMITH SOMAHANTHI, MASINA SAIRAM*, SUMIT RAY, BISRUTI MAITY, SAGAR LALICHETTI AND SAGAR MAITRA [Enhancing productivity of grain sorghum in Rabi season under varied nitrogen levels in South Odisha]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 283-289 (2026). Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry, M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-761 211, Odisha, India *(e mail: sairam.masina@cutm.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

In the current era of climate change, growing ecologically sound and climate-resilient crops can be considered a suitable adaptation option. In this regard, grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L. Moench) is distinguished for drought tolerance and adaptability to marginal lands, and plays a pivotal role in ensuring food and nutritional security in semi-arid and tropical regions as an alternative cereal, after rice and maize. However, suboptimal nitrogen (N) management limits its productivity. Considering the need to optimise nitrogen requirement, a field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2024-25 at the M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Gajapati district, Odisha. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomised Block Design with 11 nitrogen levels ranging from 0 to 200 kg N/ha and replicated thrice. Phosphorus and potassium were applied uniformly, as recommended (40:40 kg/ha of P2O5 and K2O, respectively). The results revealed that increasing nitrogen levels significantly enhanced growth, yield attributes, and yield of sorghum. The highest plant height (277 cm), dry matter accumulation (1658.13 g/m²), leaf area index (4.72), and stem girth (7.4 cm) were recorded with 200 kg N/ha. Similarly, panicle length (38.4 cm), panicle weight (172 g), number of grains per panicle (1384 grains), and test weight (29.6 g) were noted under the same treatment. The application of 200 kg N/ha produced the highest grain (3642 kg/ha), stover (12146 kg/ha), and biological yield (15788 kg/ha), remaining statistically similar to 160 and 180 kg N/ha in most cases. Although the highest yield was obtained with 200 kg N/ha, treatments between 160 and 180 kg N/ha showed statistically similar results, indicating scope for economic optimisation of nitrogen in sorghum cultivation under the tropical South Odisha conditions during the Rabi season.

10. Girish Chandra, Pooja Barthwal* and Himani Petwal [Optimisation of sowing date and nipping practice for enhancing seed yield and quality in chickpea]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 290-295 (2026). Department of Seed Science and Technology, School of Agricultural Sciences Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun-248001 (Uttarakhand), India *(e-mail- poojabarthwal30@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

An experiment was carried out during rabi season 2024-25 in SGRR University, Dehradun, India to optimise sowing time and nipping for improved growth, yield and quality. The experiment was conducted in a factorial Randomised Block Design comprising of 10 treatments combinations which included five different dates of sowing i.e. 20th October (T1), 30th October (T2), 10th November (T3), 20th November (T4), 30th November (T5) along with Nipping (N1), and without nipping (N2) replicated thrice. Evaluation of the data collected from the field revealed that nipping on November 10th sowing (N1T3) performed best amongst all the treatments with highest seed yield (14.00 q/ha), plant height (52.40 cm), fresh weight (69.20 g/plant) and dry matter accumulation (26.00 g/plant). In seed quality parameters, maximum germination per cent (90.10 %), seedling length (20.60 cm), seedling dry matter accumulation (0.35 g), Vigour Index-I (1856.06), Vigour index-II (31.53) and test weight (128 g) was also recorded with treatment N1T3. The result concludes that nipping practice performed in the seeds sown on 10th November was the most effective in enhancing plant growth, yield and quality parameters ultimately contributing to the increased productivity of the crop.

11. AMEER SADIQ OBAID* AND RAZZAQ LIFTA ATTIYA [Impact of thermal accumulation and foliar gibberellic acid application on the physiological traits and productivity of broad bean (Vicia faba L.)]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 296-302 (2026). Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture University of Kerbala, Karbala, Iraq *(e-mail: obaidameer805@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Rising temperatures and climate variability are altering optimal sowing windows for broad bean, affecting growth, thermal accumulation, and yield stability. However, limited information exists on the combined effects of planting dates and gibberellic acid (GA3) on growth dynamics and reduction of flower and ovary abscission, necessitating targeted investigation. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in a field during a winter season of 2024-2025 at the Al-Mahnawiya demonstration farm, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq to gauge the performance of a Spanish broad bean (Vicia faba L.) variety LUZ DE OTON. The extension farm under Al-Mahnawiya was the location where the study was conducted, translated as the Babylon Training and Extension Center (latitude 32.61 N, longitude 44.30 E), and the type of soil is a silty clay loam. The experiment was conducted in the form of a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a split-plot design with three replications. The objective of the study was to establish the impacts of accumulated heat and foliar spraying with gibberellic acid (GA3) on the growth and yield of the broad beans. The four planting dates were October 1st, and 15th, November 1 st and 15th, denoted N1 D1, N2 D2, and N3, respectively. The sub-plots were assigned to six concentrations of gibberellic acid: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/L, symbolized as G0, G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5, respectively. At physiological maturity, yield components and parameters of vegetative growth were taken. The second sowing date (D2) showed a significant improvement in all growth and yield traits, particularly plant height (73.11 cm), leaf area (1164.87 cm²) and seed yield (3.132 t/ha). However, the first date (D1) had the highest GDD for emergence and flowering. As for hormonal applications, 250 mg/L GAƒ (G5) proved to be most optimal for most of the traits. The highest 100-seed weight and yield were obtained with D2G5 interaction, while the maximum GDD for 100% flowering was obtained with D1G0.

12. SANCHANA DHAS A K, RAMADASS S*, SARAVANA KUMAR M AND NAGAJOTHI R [Effect of micro-sprinkler fertigation on the morphophysiological traits and yield in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 303-311 (2026). SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu-603201 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: ramadass@srmist.edu.in)

ABSTRACT

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop contributing to edible oil production and nutritional security, requiring efficient irrigation and nutrient management under limited water resources. However, conventional irrigation and fertilization practices are associated with significant water and nutrient losses, resulting in low resource use efficiency and suboptimal productivity. Therefore, optimization of irrigation scheduling and fertigation under microsprinkler systems is essential to enhance crop productivity, water and nutrient use efficiency, and overall sustainability. The field experiment was carried out during the Rabi, 2025-26 at the SRM College of Agricultural Sciences farm, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India. The study was to evaluate the effects of different irrigation and fertigation levels on the growth, physiological and yield parameters of groundnut under a micro-sprinkler fertigation (MSF) system. The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Block Design with three replications and ten treatments consisting of different combinations of irrigation levels (125%, 100% and 75% of ETc) and fertigation levels (125%, 100% and 75% of RDF). Groundnut variety GG7 was used as the test variety. The results revealed that irrigation and fertigation significantly influenced the crop’s growth, physiological and yield parameters. Among the treatments, MSF with 125% RDF @ 125% ETc (T1) recorded the highest plant height (16.90 cm at 30 DAS and 37.57 cm at 60 DAS), number of branches per plant (4.84 and 7.11), dry matter production (1665 and 2955 kg/ha), leaf area index (1.30 and 3.09), SPAD value (37.30 and 47.50) at 30 and 60 DAS, respectively. Also, pod yield (2810 kg/ha), haulm yield (4955 kg/ha) and harvest index (0.362) were recorded higher in the treatment (T1). The lowest values were recorded for most parameters in MSF with 75% RDF @ 75% ETc (T9). The study indicates that the micro sprinkler irrigation combined with higher fertigation levels improves crop growth, physiological performance, and yield parameters in groundnut, thereby enhancing productivity and resource use efficiency.

13. RAJESHKUMAR A*, GAURAVE M AND RAMADASS S [Physiological responses, growth and yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under various sowing techniques and nutrient regimes]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 312-320 (2026). Department of Agronomy, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, Baburayanpettai, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu – 603 201, Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail: rajeshka@srmist.edu.in)

ABSTRACT

Enhancing growth efficiency and physiological performance in sesame requires the strategic integration of appropriate sowing techniques with balanced nutrient management, particularly in regions where suboptimal establishment and nutrient limitations constrain crop productivity. This study examined the interactive effects of three sowing methods (broadcasting, dibbling, transplanting) and three nutrient levels (100%, 75%, and 50% RDF), supplemented with a 0.2% MnSO4 foliar spray, on key growth attributes and physiological parameters of sesame. A field experiment with ten treatments was conducted in a randomised block design during summer 2025, including three sowing methods (broadcasting, dibbling, transplanting), three nutrient levels (100%, 75%, 50% RDF) and a control. The dibbling method combined with 100% RDF and MnSO4 (T2) produced the best growth and yield performance at all stages. This treatment recorded the highest plant height (107.8 cm), dry weight (27.82 g/plant), and branches (6.97/plant), indicating improved root establishment, nutrient uptake, and canopy development. Physiological parameters also peaked under T„ , with leaf area index (2.87), chlorophyll index (SPAD 38.89), crop growth rate (27.55 g/m²/day), relative growth rate (0.098 g/g/day), seed yield (1062 kg/ha), and stalk yield (2366 kg/ha). These results reflect enhanced photosynthesis, assimilate production, and biomass partitioning. Overall, dibbling with full RDF and Mn supplementation is an effective agronomic strategy for optimizing sesame growth, physiology, and yield, especially in nutrient-limited and dryland conditions.

14. N. N. L. VUONG, V. K. NGUYEN, T. M. VU, T. D. TRAN, T. T. H. HOANG* AND H. P. NGUYEN [Evaluation of shrimp waste compost under different methods and its impact on soil properties]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 321-326 (2026). University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue city, Vietnam *(e-mail: htthoa@hueuni.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

Large quantities of agricultural and aquaculture wastes, particularly shrimp byproducts, are poorly managed, leading to environmental pollution and loss of valuable nutrients. Although composting shrimp waste into organic fertiliser offers a sustainable solution, inconsistencies in compost quality and limited research on post-composting treatment hinder its effective utilisation, especially in regions like Hue city. Thus, the purpose of this study was conducted in Spring season of 2026 at Hue city, Vietnam to find the optimal combination for the best quality of organic fertiliser from shrimp wastes and to assess the impact of various rates of this fertiliser on lettuce soil characteristics. Three treatments with various materials and composting ratios in four replications, followed by another experiment on four rates of the best selected organic fertiliser from shrimp wastes in three replications, were conducted in a RCBD. The study’s findings demonstrated that the quality of organic fertiliser from shrimp wastes (OFS) was influenced by various materials and composting ratios. The highest quality of OFS (pH 6.38, OM 22.6%, N 2.05%, P2O5 0.84%; K2O 1.17%; chitosan 3.94%) was produced by composting the shrimp wastes along with molasses, chitosan powder, lime and EM preparation. At a rate of 3% of OFS applications on lettuce crops had the best soil chemical characteristics (pHKCl 5.78, OM 2.23%, N 0.088%, P2O5 0.059%, K2O 0.40% and CEC 6.85 cmolc/kg). In order to improve soil, boost crop production, and lessen environmental pollution, more extensive research is required on this fertiliser.

15. Jeremie L. Peralta, Raymund Julius G. Rosales*, Aira Lilac I. Pungtilan, Christian Butch Andrew A. Balbas1and Dionisio S. Bucao [Improved germination, seedling length, and vigor index in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) using Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and hydropriming]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 327-334 (2026). 1Department of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture Food and Sustainable Development, Mariano Marcos State University City of Batac 2906 Ilocos Norte, Philippines *(e-mail: rgrosales@mmsu.edu.ph)

ABSTRACT

Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, as a biopriming agent, and hydropriming were used to evaluate their impact on the seedling vigor of eggplant (Cleopatra F1). Different priming periods (0.5, 3.5, 6.5, and 9.5 h) were used, whereas unprimed seeds served as the control. Seeds were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with four replications. Ambient conditions (temperature: 30 ± 2 °Cand relative humidity: 65 ± 5%) of the Postharvest and Seed Technology were used. Results showed that hydropriming and biopriming had different effects on seed and seedling vigor parameters. A 3.5 h of hydropriming was enough to produce more than 85% germination percentage compared to biopriming. Hydropriming for 9.5 h improved the germination index as compared to unprimed and biopriming, except for 9.5 h. The former showed a similar germination index to the other priming periods. Faster germination was observed in 6.5 h of hydropriming than without priming. Hydropriming (9.5 h) and biopriming (0.5 h) induced root elongation. However, shoot elongation was stimulated by biopriming at 0.5 h. Biopriming at 0.5 h produced longer seedlings than the hydroprimed and unprimed seeds. But vigorous seedlings were observed in seeds with 3.5 h of hydropriming. Based on the results, hydropriming using 3.5 h can be used to produce vigorous seedlings.

16. Olive Jenine Florentino, Raymund Julius Rosales*, Micah Benize Gregorio-Balbas, Christian Butch Andrew Balbas, Glisten Faith Pascua and Aira Lilac Pungtilan [Postharvest maturation with different fruit maturity stages improved seed germination and seedling vigor in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.)]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 335-342 (2026). 1Department of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development, Mariano Marcos State University City of Batac 2906, Ilocos Norte, Philippines *(e-mail: rgrosales@mmsu.edu.ph)

ABSTRACT

Three fruit stages (with peel colors of green mature, break stage, and red (fully ripe)) as indicators of maturity were used and stored for 5, 10, and 15 days under ambient conditions (temperature: 28 ± 2°C; relative humidity: 60 ± 5%) to determine their impact on the germination and seedling vigor of the native tomato variety. Fruits of the native tomato that were not stored are used as a control. The fruits were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design in four replicates. Fully ripe fruits without postharvest maturation produced a higher standard germination. However, postharvest maturation of tomato fruits for 10 days was needed to improve germination of green mature and breaker stage fruit. Moreover, 5 days of postharvest maturation period of breaker stage and ripe fruits enhanced the germination index. Ten days of storage were required to stimulate a higher germination index in green mature fruits. Breaker stage maturity of tomato had the least mean germination time with or without postharvest maturation. With and without postharvest maturation for green mature and fully ripe fruits stimulated longer seedlings, whereas breaker stage fruits do not need storage. Vigorous seedlings were produced from green mature + 10 days, breaker stage + 5 days, and ripe + no storage. Thus, postharvest maturation offers a comparative advantage over no storage, which can avoid pest infestation and unpredictable weather conditions, which have an impact on seedling vigor. Benefits that can be offered by the postharvest maturation are higher germination, longer seedlings, and vigorous seedlings for all three fruit maturity stages.

17. PRADIP DEY, LIMBRAJ PARSHURAM PHOLANE*, BISHNUPRASAD DASH, SUBHRAJYOTI CHATTERJEE, ANAMIKA SINHA, SUBHAJIT PAL AND RAHUL ADHIKARY [Influence of food waste compost on nutrient uptake and yield of knolkhol (Brassica oleracea var. Gongylodes L.)]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 343-348 (2026). Department of Soil Science M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-761211, Odisha, India *(e-mail: limbraj.pholane@cutm.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

The most pressing concern in today’s agriculture is the decline in soil health, due to the excessive use of inorganic fertilizers and poor organic matter management. The sustainability of vegetable production like knolkhol is compromised due to unsustainable practices reducing productivity and loss of soil biodiversity. Addressing these issues food waste compost can offer a sustainable solution by providing nutrient-rich soil amendment to farmers and environmentally responsible waste disposal. Thus, present investigation was conducted during the rabi 2024-25 at the Vegetable Research and Demonstration Farm, MSSSoA, CUTM, Odisha, India to evaluate the effect of different dosage of food waste compost on growth and yield of knolkhol. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design having eight treatments of varying levels of food waste compost were replicated thrice. The eight treatments chosen for the study were: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 t/ha food waste compost, recommended dose of fertilizer along with control. The highest nitrogen (48.37 kg/ha) and phosphorous (9.54 kg/ha) uptake observed in treatment with 3 t/ha food waste compost but decreased at higher levels, however, a gradual increase in potassium uptake was recorded with increasing level of food waste compost and maximum (53 kg/ha) with 6 t/ha food waste compost application. The maximum knob yield (15.70 t/ha) was obtained with 3 t/ha which was similar to the treatment receiving recommended dose of fertilizer (15.30 t/ha) but found significantly higher over other treatments. However, the yields showed decreased trend at higher rate of food waste compost application beyond 3 t/ha. Findings of the present study suggest that the application of 3 t/ha food waste compost in place of recommended dose of fertilizer will be a promising strategy to grow the knolkhol organically without decreasing productivity in southern Odisha.

18. Vee Jay S. Apongol, Raymund Julius G. Rosales*, Aira Lilac I. Pungtilan, Christian Butch Andrew A. Balbas, John Marlo M. Bangayan and Glisten Faith S. Pascua [Influence of fermented Sargassum spp. on growth and fresh yield of radish microgreens]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 349-356 (2026). Department of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development, Mariano Marcos State University City of Batac 2906 Ilocos Norte, Philippines *(e-mail: rgrosales@mmsu.edu.ph)

ABSTRACT

The rising demand for nutrient-rich radish microgreens necessitates sustainable production approaches using alternative nutrient sources such as seaweed-based fertilizers. However, limited information exists on the optimal concentration and hormonal role of fermented Sargassum spp.; therefore, fermented Sargassum spp. as a nutrient source in the production of radish microgreens was used. The study was conducted during October and November 2025 at the Postharvest and Seed Technology laboratory room to evaluate the root characteristics and fresh yield of radish microgreens applied with different concentrations of fermented Sargassum. Radish (Improved Valiant variety) microgreens were grown under ambient conditions (30±2 °C temperature and 65±5 % relative humidity). Different concentrations (0 (distilled water), 25, 50, 75, and 100%) of fermented Sargassum from 2 to 13 days after sowing (DAS) were sprayed separately on the microgreens. Radish microgreens were exposed to light for 10 hours and 14 hours of darkness from 2 to 13 DAS. The microgreens were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with four replications. Radish microgreens were taller in stature and had longer hypocotyls using 50% concentration. However, fresh weight per microgreen and fresh yield of microgreens increased at 25% concentration. Additionally, at this concentration, root count per microgreen was stimulated. Further increase of concentration to 50% showed no improvement in weight. Irrespective of concentration, root elongation was enhanced. It is recommended to use 25% fermented Sargassum for a higher fresh yield of radish microgreens.

19. Jain Sakshi, Nair Akhil, Rana Vatsal Singh, Sood Arushi, Singh Udai Pratap and Kumar Archna* [Foraging response of trichogrammatids to volatile allelochemical cues in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 357-362 (2026). 1Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida-201313 (Uttar Pradesh), India *(e-mail: akumar21@amity.edu)

ABSTRACT

Lepidopteran pests cause major crop losses, and heavy use of chemical pesticides leads to resistance and environmental and health risks. However, there is limited understanding of chilli plant volatile cues that influence the foraging behaviour of Trichogrammatids, restricting their effective use in eco-friendly pest management. This study was conducted from July 2022 to March 2024at the Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Uttar Pradesh, India, wherein the allelochemicals from the cultivar Chilli Angar E11071 were extracted, chemically characterised, and evaluated for their effects on Trichogramma japonicum, Trichogramma pretiosum, and Trichogramma chilonis. The chilli plants were cultivated under laboratory and field settings during the same growing season. Leaf samples were collected in vegetative and flowering phases for allelochemical extraction. Hexane leaf extracts were tested at concentrations of 4,000,000, 2,000,000, 1,000,000, 50,000 and 25,000 mg/L using a petri dish bioassay. The parasitoid activity index (PAI) and percent parasitization (%PARA) indicated a stronger response of trichogrammatids to volatile cues emitted from field-grown plants at the vegetative stage (VSF). Among the tested species, T. japonicum and T. pretiosum showed significantly higher stimulation. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) revealed the presence of long-chain hydrocarbons (C21-C35) in the extracts, suggesting that chilli-derived volatile compounds may act as allelochemical cues enhancing parasitoid foraging behaviour.

20. T. T. H. HOANG*, T. D. H. TRUONG, C. H. HO, M. Q. TRAN, T. T. G. TRAN, T. N. V. HOANG AND T. T. T. DINH [Growth, yield and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) impacted by organic foliar fertiliser from aquatic plants]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 363-368 (2026). 1University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue city, Vietnam *(e-mail: htthoa@hueuni.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

Lettuce production is affected by declining soil fertility, high fertiliser costs, and improper fertiliser use, increasing dependence on chemical inputs. However, limited research on aquatic plant-based organic fertilisers and their effectiveness in improving lettuce growth and yield restricts their adoption as sustainable alternatives Based on this, the present investigation was conducted during the spring season of 2026 at the University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam, to assess the effect of organic foliar fertiliser derived from aquatic plants on the growth and yield of lettuce. The field experiment was set up in a randomised complete block design with three replications in spring season 2026 and comprised five treatments: control (water spraying); SW Canada (spraying ratio 1:10), SW (spraying ratio 1:10), WH (spraying ratio 1:10) and SW&WH (1:1) (spraying ratio 1:10). The combined application of SW&WH considerably boosted lettuce production and its constituents at p < 0.05. More precisely, applying SW&WH (1:1) (spraying ratio 1:10) together produced the high leaf area (16.0 dm2), and yield (9.32 t/ha) as well as brix content (2.47%), nitrate content (<50 mg/kg). In general, a 1:10 ratio of SW&WH (1:1) may be the best rate for producing lettuce with high yield and quality in the research location.

21. N. N. L. VUONG, V. G. B. NGUYEN, H. T. NGUYEN, V. K. NGUYEN, T. A. NGO, C. P. N. LE AND T. T. H. HOANG* [Efficiency of liquid organic fertiliser from shrimp waste on growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 369-374 (2026). University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue city, Vietnam *(e-mail: htthoa@hueuni.edu.vn)

ABSTRACT

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) productivity in Vietnam remains below the global average due to poor agronomic practices and inadequate nutrient management. Excessive reliance on chemical fertilisers leads to soil degradation and environmental concerns, while the potential of organic sources like shrimp waste remains underutilised. Therefore, determining optimal application rates of liquid organic fertiliser derived from shrimp waste is essential to enhance yield, soil health, and sustainable lettuce production. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the best rate of liquid organic fertiliser from shrimp waste on the growth and yield of lettuce. Four rates of liquid organic fertiliser from shrimp waste (0, 1, 2 and 3%) based on 15 t/ha of compost from mushroom byproducts and 500 kg lime/ha were carried out in the spring season 2026 at Hue city, Vietnam. The experiment was arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replications. The results showed that there was a substantial (p<0.05) effects of different rates of liquid organic fertiliser from shrimp waste on plant height, leaf parameters and total yield as well as lettuce quality. Applying 3% of liquid organic fertiliser from shrimp waste (LOFS) resulted in the highest plant height (22.4 cm), leaf area (108.7 cm2) and SPAD (18.1) as compared with the control. Maximum economic yield (8.3 t/ha) and brix content (2.1%) values were also found in this application rate. Fertiliser use efficiency was the highest at a rate of 2% (LOFS). Nitrate contents were very low at all rates of LOFS application, ranging from 10.0 to 83.3 mg/kg. In conclusion, lettuce cultivated with 2 – 3% of LOFS based on 15 t/ha of compost and 500 kg lime/ha exhibited superior growth and production.

22. Rana Samara* and Ekrima Abdelhadi [Influence of insecticides and wheat cultivar resistance on feeding behaviour of Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) and virus transmission as assessed by electrical penetration graph (EPG)]. Crop Research 61 (3&4): 375-387 (2026). Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Palestine Technical University Kadoorie, Tulkarm, Yafa Street, Palestinian Territories *(e-mail: r.samara@ptuk.edu.ps)

ABSTRACT

The effect of four insecticides on aphid feeding and the transmission of different viruses on five wheat cultivars was evaluated and monitored using the electrical penetration graph (EPG). Results indicated that the insecticide reduced the feeding behavior of aphids and limited their ability to transmit viruses. Esfenvalerate (Esfen), ë-Cyhalothrin (LCT), and Imidacloprid (IMI) showed a high ability to delay Pd, which could prevent the transmission of non-persistent (NP) viruses. At the same time, LCT and IMI efficiently delayed E1 salivation, thus preventing the transmission of semi-persistent (SP) and persistent (P) viruses. Five wheat cultivars were evaluated for resistance to aphid feeding and virus transmission. Several EPG parameters were used to help understand the interaction between the host plants and aphids, including changes in the aphid feeding patterns. All wheat cultivars prevented aphid intercellular penetration and thus could prevent NP virus transmission. Nab Al-Jamal (NAJ), Mike (MK), and Black Heteih (BH) could prevent the transmission of S-P viruses, and MK was the only cultivar that could prevent the transmission of all viruses. At the same time, the qualitative resistance of wheat cultivars was also measured by the changes in the concentration of the antioxidant enzymes (polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POX)) due to aphid feeding. BH cultivar activated the qualitative defense response by upregulating PPO and POX enzymes in response to feeding aphids after 24 and 48 hours. On the other hand, the doubling rate of gene expression of genes related to the jasmonic acid pathway (LOX and AOS) as a defensive response to aphid feeding measured the quantitative resistance of wheat cultivars. Results showed that BH and White Heteih (WH) wheat cultivars resisted aphid attack by significantly increasing the concentration of antioxidant enzymes and the expression of LOX and AOS genes up to 7 times higher than before infestation with aphids.

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