Volume 27, No. 2 (June, 2026)

1. MARY AMRIDHA SHIVANI A, SARAVANA KUMAR M*, RAMADASS S, CHANDRASEKARAN P, RAJESHKUMAR A AND SHALINI C [Evaluation of seaweed extract for mitigating low moisture stress in paddy (Oryza sativa L.)]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 197-203 (2026). SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu-603201 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: saravanm14@srmist.edu.in)

ABSTRACT

The present study evaluated the potential of selected seaweeds for mitigating low moisture stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Five seaweed species namely Ulva lactuca, Gracilaria edulis, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Sargassum wightii and Padina pavonica, were analysed for their proximate, biochemical and mineral composition under laboratory conditions. A composite seaweed extract (SWE) prepared from K. alvarezii, S. wightii and U. lactuca (40:40:20) was evaluated under field conditions during the Navarai season (2025–2026) in paddy (CO 55). The field experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 11 treatments comprising T1: 5% SWE spray + stress at PI stage; T2: 10% SWE spray + stress at PI stage; T3: 15% SWE spray + stress at PI stage; T4: 20% SWE spray + stress at PI stage; T5: No spray + stress at PI stage; T6: 5% SWE spray + stress at flowering stage; T7: 10% SWE spray + stress at flowering stage; T8: 15% SWE spray + stress at flowering stage; T9: 20% SWE spray + stress at flowering stage; T10: No spray + stress at flowering stage; T11: Control (No moisture stress). Foliar application of SWE at different concentrations was carried out under low moisture stress conditions at critical growth stages, namely panicle initiation and flowering. Biochemical analysis revealed that Kappaphycus alvarezii recorded the highest protein (8.2%), chlorophyll (9.14 mg/L), proline (16.47 mg/g), potassium (4.85 g/100g) and calcium (3.78 g/100g) contents. The field experiment results demonstrated that 20% SWE application significantly improved growth parameters, including plant height (93.90 cm), tiller number (407/m²), leaf area index (5.05) and dry matter production (1194 g/m²) under moisture stress critical stages. The study concludes that 20% seaweed extract effectively mitigate low moisture stress in rice by improving growth and stress tolerance mechanisms in paddy.

2. Mukti Ram Poudel*, Dinesh Prajapati, Namika Thapa, Prashika karki, Kritika Budhathoki, Barsha Aacharya and Priyanshi Yadab [Yield adaptability of wheat genotypes under multiple abiotic stress environments at western region of Nepal]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 204-210 (2026). Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS) Tribhuvan University, Paklihawa Campus, Nepal *(e-mail: mukti.poudel@pakc.tu.edu.np; muktipoudel8@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Wheat is a major winter season crop contributing 5.87% shares in the national AGDP. Less precipitation and inadequate irrigation infrastructure result in the loss of 0.65 million metric tons of wheat annually, but the stress-tolerant varieties are limited. The study aimed to identify the most stable and high-yielding performance genotypes for different conditions. The field experiment was conducted in Rupandehi and Nawalparasi under three conditions: irrigation, Heat Stress and drought sowing on 17th November 2024 by using Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) having three replications with 20 wheat varieties, including 17 different genotypes and 3 checks. Yield attributing data were entered in MS-Excel and analysed using META and GEA-R to determine the yield adaptability under irrigated and abiotic stress conditions. The present study concluded that NL 1501, NL 1627, and Gautam were the most stable across irrigated, heat-tolerant, and drought environments based on GGE Biplot Models. In contrast, NL 1492 was specifically adapted to Rupandehi irrigated and Nawalparasi irrigated, NL 1376 performed best at Rupandehi heat stress and Nawalparasi heat-stress conditions, and NL 1626 was adapted to Nawalparasi drought and Rupandehi drought environments. This result will be helpful for breeders and researchers to comprehensively understand the agro-morphological characters as well as the stability of Wheat genotypes under abiotic stress and irrigated condition at western region of Nepal.

3. GHEBRIEL O. DEKIN*, VALERY A. BURLUTSKIY AND F. DUKSI [Multivariate analysis of spike morpho-productive traits in advanced winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for genetic diversity and breeding optimisation]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 211-221 (2026). 1RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St 117198, Moscow, Russia Federation *(e-mail: ghebrielokba@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Despite the global importance of bread wheat in food security, limited understanding of genetic diversity and the contribution of phenotypic variables to genetic divergence constrain effective yield improvement. Hence, there is a need to apply multivariate tools like cluster analysis and PCA to identify key traits and diverse genotypes for optimising wheat breeding programs and enhancing productivity. This study explored the phenotypic architecture and yield potential of a diverse winter wheat population (N=6,999) derived from crosses between elite cultivars (Nemchinovskaya 24, Kasar 17) and the interspecific hybrid PPPG 287. The study was conducted at the Kaluga Agricultural Experimental Station, situated in the Peremyshlsky District of the Kaluga Region, Russia, during the 2022-2023 growing season. Multivariate analysis via PCA explained 93.03% of the total variance across four principal components. PC1 (45.2%) was primarily driven by reproductive efficiency traits (attributive value(AV), grain number, and fertility), while PC2 reflected structural architecture, specifically spike length and spikelet number. K-means clustering successfully distinguished a ‘structural-extensive’ morphotype (defined by spike length and TKW) from a ‘density-intensive’ ideotype (defined by grain number and AV). An elite subpopulation derived from the intensive cluster achieved a 39.7% gain in resource-use efficiency (AV) and a 26.36% increase in grain set (GN). Notably, this group decoupled the traditional grain size-number trade-off, maintaining a thousand-kernel weight of 57.65 g. The reduced variability in fertility and grain number confirms phenotypic convergence toward a stabilized, high intensity ideotype, demonstrating that integrating distant hybrid material like PPPG 287 provides a robust framework for accelerating genetic gains in winter wheat.

4. OXANA KRADETSKAYA*, EVGENIY MAMYKIN, SVETLANA DASHKEVICH, MARAL UTEBAYEV, IRINA CHILIMOVA, YURI DOLINNY** AND YERLAN UTELBAYEV [Impact of agricultural technologies and mineral nutrition on growth, yield, and quality of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 222-232 (2026). A. I. Barayev Research and Production Centre for Grain Farming 15 Baraev str., village of Nauchny, Shortandinsky district Akmola region, Republic of Kazakhstan (e-mail: *o.kradetskaya@mymail.academy; **yu.dolinny@mymail.academy)

ABSTRACT

Common wheat yield and grain quality in North Kazakhstan are highly unstable due to climatic variability, moisture stress, and inconsistent cultivation and fertilisation practices. However, the combined influence of agricultural technologies and balanced mineral nutrition on chlorophyll dynamics, productivity, and grain quality remains inadequately understood, necessitating systematic investigation. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of the accumulation of chlorophyll a (Chla) and b (Chlb) and carotenoids in the green mass of common wheat on yields and quality indicators (protein and gluten content, gluten quality, grain unit, and the weight of 1,000 grains) depending on fertilizer application and cultivation technology in the conditions of North Kazakhstan. Methods: Field experiments were conducted at the experimental sites of the Scientific and Production Center of Grain Farming named after A. I. Barayev, LLP. The study tested the influence of different variants of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers and tillage technologies (traditional and no-till) as part of grain-fallow and alternating crop rotations. The results showed that cultivation technology, crop rotation, and mineral fertilization significantly affected chlorophyll accumulation, grain yield, and quality of spring wheat in North Kazakhstan. The highest grain yield, 36.3 cnt/ha compared with the experimental average of 32.7 cnt/ha, was obtained under traditional cultivation with alternating crop rotation. However, no-till provided higher and more stable chlorophyll accumulation, lower pigment losses at later growth stages, and a more consistent response to nitrogen-phosphorus fertilization. The highest average chlorophyll content, 1.755 mg/g, was recorded in the no-till grain-fallow rotation with P20 af. + N aa in diagnostic rows. Therefore, no-till, particularly in combination with balanced nitrogen-phosphorus nutrition, can be recommended as an effective technology for improving the physiological status and grain quality of spring wheat under the conditions of North Kazakhstan.

5. Vipul Bundake, Veena Khilnani* and Archana Kale [Nano multi micronutrient priming with RDF improves germination and nutrient use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.)]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 233-241 (2026). 1K J Somaiya College of Science and Commerce Vidyavihar, Mumbai-400 077 (Maharashtra), India *(e-mail: veena.k@somaiya.edu)

ABSTRACT

Among the cereals, maize is considered a highly adaptable crop that can grow across a wide range of climatic conditions. It meets the global demand for food, feed and fodder. Farmers follow conventional farming practices, which lead to less productivity and affect soil health. Supplementation of nano micronutrients with Recommended Dose of Fertilizers can be considered for balanced nutrient management. Therefore, a priming trial was conducted in the laboratory during the year 2024 at Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited, Chembur. The study consisted of 12 treatments, consisting of absolute control, control (only RDF), RDF integrated with nano multi micronutrient formulation with concentration ranging from 20 to 0.156 mg, commercial and salts of micronutrients. The results revealed that the germination parameters were higher in treatment 100% RDF with 0.312 mg nano multi micronutrient formulation. The growth attributes and chlorophyll content improved in treatment T9 along with the nutrient content suggesting healthier plant growth. The statistical analysis using ANOVA showed significant differences across treatments. Thus, the lower doses of formulation 0.312 mg with RDF may be considered most efficient when compared to control and conventional fertilizers. Nano micronutrients with RDF are a better option over only nano micronutrients fertilizer.

6. NACHIKETA*, SANDEEP MENON, AJEET JAKHAD, SAMPRIKTA PRIYADARSHINI, ABHIJEET SHYAMSINGH CHOUHAN, ANNU JAIN, KHUSHBOO AND MANZOOR A KHANDAY [Enhancing productivity and resource use efficiency of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) through crop intensification and organic mulch-based management]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 242-247 (2026). School of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144 411 (Punjab), India *(e-mail: nachiketayadav30@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Pigeon pea is a vital legume for sustainable agriculture owing to its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and tolerate abiotic stresses; however, productivity under conventional practices remains well below achievable potential. To further evaluate, a field experiment was conducted during the Kharif seasons of 2024 and 2025 at the Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India to evaluate the effect of System of Pigeon Pea Intensification (SPPI) and organic mulching on growth, nodulation, and yield. A split-plot design with three replications was used, with three spacing levels (40×20 cm, 60×20 cm and 80×20 cm) as main plots and four mulching treatments (no mulch, wheat straw mulch, sugarcane trash mulch and cowpea live mulch) as sub-plots, using variety AL-882. Pooled analysis across both seasons revealed that 60×20 cm spacing significantly improved growth attributes, including leaf number, chlorophyll content (SPAD), root development, and canopy characteristics, while reducing plant mortality. Among mulching treatments, live mulch enhanced vegetative growth and nodulation, whereas wheat straw mulch recorded the highest grain yield (pooled: 2592 kg/ha), representing a 45.12% improvement over no mulch. The 60×20 cm spacing produced the highest pooled grain yield (2403 kg/ha), which was 18.79% higher than the 40×20 cm treatment. Optimal spacing combined with wheat straw or live mulch is recommended for improving pigeon pea productivity and resource use efficiency under Punjab conditions.

7. Deepanshu1, Palvi Dogra*, Vinay Kumar, Amita Mahajan and K. S. Chandel [Enhancing growth and productivity of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) through balanced nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 248-255 (2026). University School of Agriculture Sciences Rayat Bahra University, Kharar-140301 (Punjab), India *(e-mail: palvidogra444@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Indian mustard is a major rabi oilseed crop in India with significant nutritional and economic importance, yet its productivity remains insufficient to meet the growing demand for edible oils. This gap is largely attributed to imbalanced nutrient management, particularly deficiencies of nitrogen, sulphur, and micronutrients, highlighting the need for improved and sustainable fertilisation strategies to enhance yield and reduce import dependence. Based on this, a field experiment was conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2023–24 and 2024–25 at the Crop Research Farm, Division of Agronomy, University School of Agricultural Sciences, Rayat Bahra University, Punjab, India, to study the effect of different nitrogen and sulphur levels on the growth and yield of mustard. The experiment consisted of five nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N/ha) and five sulphur levels (0, 25, 35, 45 and 55 kg S/ha) arranged in a suitable experimental design with replications. Results indicated that growth parameters such as plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, and number of branches per plant increased significantly with increasing nitrogen and sulphur levels. Yield attributes, including number of siliquae per plant, seeds per siliqua, siliqua length, and test weight, also improved with higher nutrient application. Seed yield, stover yield, and biological yield increased progressively with increasing nitrogen and sulphur levels, with maximum values recorded under 160 kg N/ha and 55 kg S/ha. The improvement in growth and yield may be attributed to enhanced photosynthetic activity, improved nutrient utilisation, and better translocation of assimilates. The study suggests that balanced application of nitrogen and sulphur is essential for improving mustard productivity under Punjab conditions.

8. SHAIMA SAMI DAWOD, HADEEL AMER JABBAR AND ALAA SALIH ATI* [Sustainable water productivity and sunflower yield under different tillage systems and depths in Central Iraq]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 256-263 (2026). 1College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: alaa.salih@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

Efficient irrigation scheduling and accurate estimation of crop water requirements are essential to prevent stress, improve yield, and optimise water use, especially under arid and semi-arid conditions. Evaluating different tillage systems, depths, and irrigation levels is crucial to enhance soil properties, sunflower productivity, and water use efficiency while reducing production costs. Based on this, a field experiment for the cultivation of sunflower Helianthus annuus L. during the autumn season of 2024 in the south of Baghdad (Yousafia district), to study the difference system, depth of tillage and irrigation levels in water requirements and the yield of sunflower. Every tillage system was implemented as a factorial experiment within a Nested-Factorial Experiments Design, with the irrigation intervals (three intervals for irrigation) (using 50% of the available water (control treatment) and 75% of the control treatment and 50% of the control treatment) on the main plot. The main factor is divided into four replicates and distribute the tillage depths (0-15 and 0-30 cm). The results showed that the seasonal water consumption for the plant was 476 and 551 mm when ploughing was done with chisel and a moldboard plough, respectively. The average of the total yield of sunflower seeds has increased when treated with the chisel plough system, which was 3141 kg/ha, compared to the moldboard plough tillage system, which was 2798 kg/ha. However, the mechanical qualities of the chisel plough are significant in providing the highest average soil disturbed volume of 471.76 m3/hr and 437.65 m3/hr for the moldboard plow. The average soil mass of the largest diameter (> 10 cm) was higher in the moldboard plough than in the chisel ploughs, at 59.6% and 46.02%, respectively.

9. A. A. TUBALOV* AND A. V. KOSHELEV [Relative assessment and spatial ranking of soil fertility in agricultural fields using agrochemical and erosion indicators]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 264-273 (2026). Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (FSC of Agroecology RAS), 400062 Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: tubalovlexa1@rambler.ru)

ABSTRACT

Assessment of parameters characterising the actual state of soil fertility and the development of degradation processes is essential for organizing crop rotation systems and planning reclamation activities in agricultural enterprises; however, the lack of integrated approaches combining agrochemical and erosion indicators limits accurate field-level decision-making. The study was conducted from December 2023 to December 2025 at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology, Integrated Land Reclamation, and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FSC ‘Agroecology’ RAS),” with the objective of developing a methodology for the relative assessment and ranking of soil fertility in agricultural fields. Agrochemical soil survey data, including humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content, were used as source materials for assessing soil fertility and were supplemented with remote sensing data on erosion processes, particularly the number and length of gullies. The methodological basis for data integration involved multiparameter statistical procedures, including standardization of indicators, assignment of points, determination of parameter weights, final summation, and standardization of weighted scores. The results enabled ranking of agricultural fields into four soil fertility categories: high, medium, low, and very low, and further classification based on erosion intensity into fields with maximum, moderate, and minimal erosion. A combined analysis of agrochemical fertility indicators and erosion development facilitated identification of the most promising areas for production intensification and implementation of reclamation measures. The developed methodology proved effective for ranking agricultural lands based on soil fertility status and potential efficiency of agricultural technology application, thereby supporting improved land management decisions.

10. KORNEEVA E. A.* [Scenario-based modelling of the economic consequences of land degradation in dryland farming systems of the Lower Volga Region]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 274-279 (2026). Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation Russian Academy of Sciences, 400062, Volgograd, 97, University Ave., Russia *(e-mail: korneeva.eva@list.ru)

ABSTRACT

Land degradation in arid and semi-arid agroecosystems is increasingly manifested through persistent crop yield declines, directly affecting agricultural economic performance. The non-linear response of yields to degradation, combined with climatic variability, complicates the accurate assessment of long-term impacts. Therefore, scenario-based modeling is required to link climatic pressures, land degradation, yield reduction, and economic consequences in dryland farming systems. This study develops a regionally calibrated scenario model to assess the economic consequences of land degradation in dryland farming of the Lower Volga region, using Volgograd oblast as a case study. Climatic pressure was quantified using four indicators–temperature anomaly, annual precipitation, number of days with wind speed ³ 15 m/s, and moisture coefficient–each transformed into a normalised sigmoidal risk function. The integrated climatic pressure index (C), calculated as the geometric mean, was linked to a probabilistic five-level degradation scale. Three scenarios were considered: moderate, an increasing degradation pressure scenario, and extreme. The transition from moderate to increasing pressure led to a nonlinear rise in C from 0.065 to 0.500, while further deterioration resulted in saturation (C = 0.920). Total economic damage for a representative crop rotation reached 292.6 USD/ha/yr and 496.5 USD/ha/yr under the intermediate and extreme scenarios, respectively. About 59% of total losses occur already at the intermediate stage, highlighting the importance of early intervention.

11. Aigul Madenova1, Aigerim Seisenova*, Saule Kazybayeva, Dinara Kaldybaeva, Zhanar Kadirsizova, Balnur Kabylbekova and Galymbek Kanat [Integration of molecular markers and phenotypic resistance to Venturia inaequalis in apple]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 280-286 (2026). Kazakh Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: madenova.a@mail.ru)

ABSTRACT

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) productivity is limited by apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis. This study aimed to identify resistant cultivars using marker-assisted selection (MAS) and field evaluation. A total of 45 genotypes were analyzed with seven markers linked to Rvi genes. The CH-vf1 marker (Rvi6) was most frequent, while AD13, Z13, and Vf2ARD showed low amplification. Cluster analysis (UPGMA) revealed weak structuring but identified potential gene pyramiding in Braeburn, Pinova, and Saltanat. Field evaluations (2023–2025) confirmed high resistance in Kamila, Diana, Saltanat, Williams Pride, and Honeycrisp. A weak correlation between markers and disease severity suggests polygenic resistance and environmental influence. These results support the use of gene pyramiding in apple breeding programs in Kazakhstan.

12. ERICK FIRMANSYAH, ENDANG SULISTYANINGSIH*, BUDIASTUTI KURNIASIH AND EKA TARWACA SUSILA PUTRA [Potassium uptake and use efficiency in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) across different palm ages and cultivars]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 287-293 (2026). Doctoral Program, Department of Agricultural Science Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia *(e-mail: endangsulis@ugm.ac.id)

ABSTRACT

Potassium (K) is an essential macronutrient regulating physiological, metabolic, and reproductive processes in oil palm. However, uniform fertilization methods that ignore variation in palm age and cultivar often result in suboptimal K-use efficiency (KUE). This study evaluated K uptake dynamics and use efficiency across contrasting palm ages and cultivars and identified key efficiency parameters associated with fresh fruit bunch (FFB) productivity. A two-year field experiment was conducted from July 2023 to July 2025 in Rokan Hulu, Riau Province, Indonesia. The experiment was arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial design with two factors, namely palm age (6, 12, and 23 years after planting) and cultivar (Sei Pancur and Yangambi), with four palms per treatment combination used as replicates. Potassium uptake and KUE were analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. Palm age and cultivar significantly affected FFB productivity and most KUE traits. FFB productivity increased with age, whereas several efficiency indices declined in older palms. Potassium uptake was highest in reproductive organs, and Sei Pancur showed more stable K translocation and yield-based KUE across growth stages than Yangambi. The final regression model explained 94% of the variation in FFB productivity, with yield-based K-use efficiency, total K uptake, K translocation efficiency, and AEV as predictors. These findings support cultivar- and stage-specific K management to improve long-term productivity and nutrient-use efficiency in oil palm.

13. MASINA SAIRAM, SHAIK RISHITHA, DURGA PRASAD PADHI*, SUMIT RAY, SATYA PRASAD NANDA, SANTOSH, D. T. AND SAGAR MAITRA [Impact of growing media on the growth, productivity and quality of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) cultivars]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 294-300 (2026). M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi (Odisha), India *(e mail: durga.prasad1974@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The controlled environment cultivation of high-value crops for a higher income from the unit area is gaining popularity nowadays. Flowers with superior quality, such as gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) has a steady demand in the urban market, targeting the choice of valued customers and demands. Simultaneously, productivity and quality of gerbera cultivars are important. In the expression of the growth and yield, the growing media play a vital role. Considering the above-mentioned facts, research was conducted at the M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management (CUTM), Paralakhemundi, Odisha, from January 2022 to December 2023 in a naturally ventilated polyhouse using a split-plot design with four gerbera cultivars and three growing media. Beds were prepared, sterilised, amended with nutrients, and seedlings were transplanted at 35 × 30 cm spacing under controlled microclimate conditions. Growth and yield parameters were recorded at 40-day interval up to 120 DAP, and flower quality traits were assessed at the end of the first year. Among cultivars, Dana-ellen established its superiority in terms of plant height (46.6 cm), number of suckers (3.24) at 120 days after planting (DAP) and number of leaves/ plant (18.6) at 80 DAP. The cultivar Dana-ellen produced the highest number of flowers/ plants annually and over a three year of crop cycle (90.0) with quality parameters such as flower diameter (9.88 cm), flower stalk length (65.1 cm) and ray floret length (8.83 cm). As a growing medium, the potting mix established its significant superiority over other media in the expression of growth parameters, quality characteristics and total productivity (87.7 flowers in three years). The study concludes that the gerbera cultivar Dana-ellen can be chosen to grow in the potting mix medium for higher growth, flower quality and yield in the naturally ventilated polyhouse.

14. Gurdeep Singh* and Krishan Kumar Singh [Evaluating integrated nutrient management on growth traits of dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis)]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 301-307 (2026). Department of Horticulture, Guru Kashi University Talwandi Sabo-151302, Bathinda (Punjab), India *(e-mail: deep.mannu1@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The study was carried out in the Horticulture Research Farm during 2023–24 and 2024-25 at Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab, to determine the most effective RDF combination for enhancing growth of Dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) cv. Siam Red. The demand for dragon fruit is high due to its rich nutritional value, yet farmers still lack a standardized package of practices for its cultivation. The experiment was conducted in the south-western region of Punjab using a Randomized Block Design with four replications. Fourteen treatments comprising organic, inorganic and biofertilizers were evaluated: T1 (Control), T2 (FYM), T3 (Vermicompost), T4 (Recommended RDF), T5 (Azospirillum), T6 (PSB), T7 (Vermicompost + 50% RDF), T8 (Vermicompost + 75% RDF), T9 (Vermicompost + 50% RDF + Azospirillum), T10 (Vermicompost + 75% RDF + Azospirillum), T11 (Vermicompost + 50% RDF + PSB), T12 (Vermicompost + 75% RDF + PSB), T13 (Vermicompost + 50% RDF + Azospirillum + PSB) and T14 (Vermicompost + 75% RDF + Azospirillum + PSB). Key growth parameters such as plant height, stem circumference, number of branches, plant spread (N–S and E–W), canopy volume and number of stem areoles per rib were recorded. Treatment T14 showed maximum pool data for plant height (251.67 cm), stem circumference (13.58 cm), number of branches (18.50), N–S spread (139.17 cm), canopy volume (3.25 m³) and number of stem areoles per rib (86.67), number of flowers per pole (11.32), number of fruits per pole (10.25), and fruit yield per pole (3.65 kg), while T13 recorded the highest E–W spread (160.67 cm). Overall, T14 proved most effective, demonstrating the benefits of integrated nutrient management for Dragon fruit growth. The study concludes that integrated nutrient management is an effective approach for vegetative growth of dragon fruit under field conditions.

15. SANTOSH D. T., MASINA SAIRAM, DINAKAR J. GAIKWAD, SUMIT RAY, LALICHETTI SAGAR, SATYA PRASAD NANDA AND SAGAR MAITRA* [Effects of drip fertigation on growth, productivity and quality of cauliflower under black plastic mulch and open field conditions]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 308-315 (2026). Center of Excellence for Smart Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India *(email: sagar.maitra@cutm.ac.in)

ABSTRACT

Cauliflower is an important vegetable for its nutritional value and economic importance. However, its cultivation requires efficient water and nutrient management. Based on this fact, the study examined the impact of drip fertigation and black plastic mulch on growth, yield, and quality of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). The experiment was carried out for two years in winter (December to February, 2023-2024 and 2024-2025) at the experimental field of the Centre of Excellence for Smart Agriculture (CoESA), M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture (MSSSoA), Centurion University of Technology and Management (CUTM), Odisha, India. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design, consisting of eight treatments involving fertigation at different levels (100%, 80%, and 60% RDF) with mulch and non-mulch treatments, as well as soil applications of nutrients. Results showed that fertigation through drip and black plastic mulch significantly enhanced growth traits such as plant height (58.3 cm), leaf number (22.8), and earliness (23.3 days), over non-mulching and conventional nutrient application. The highest chlorophyll content (23.5), head weight (496.4 g), head diameter (23.1 cm), and yield (22.5 t/ha) were recorded with 100% RDF under drip fertigation with mulch, suggesting improved physiological performance and yield. Mulched fertigation treatments also improved quality attributes, including harvest index (36.0 %), dry matter (10.9%), crude fibre (2.2%), and shelf life (13.2 days). Higher nitrogen and potassium levels, and total soluble solids in cauliflower were noted under drip fertigation with mulching. The 80% RDF with mulching showed similar growth attributes as 100% RDF, indicating the possibility of lowering fertilizer doses with yield and quality. The findings established the use of fertigation and black plastic mulching to enhance the efficiency of inputs and to achieve sustainable cauliflower production.

16. Aigul Madenova, Erkenaz Kaypzhan, Aigul Nussupova*, Aigerim Jantassova, Zhursinkul Tokbergenova, Gulnar Ibragimova and Serik Jantassov [Molecular identification of resistant genes to Fusarium wilt and late blight in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) using marker-assisted selection]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 316-323 (2026). Kazakh Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute 050060 Almaty, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: aigul.nusupova.65@mail.ru)

ABSTRACT

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) productivity is significantly constrained by major diseases such as Fusarium wilt and late blight, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Phytophthora infestans, respectively. Therefore, the development of resistant cultivars represents a key objective in modern breeding programs. The aim of this study was to identify resistant genes in 39 tomato genotypes using gene-linked molecular markers. Resistance to Fusarium wilt was assessed using I2/5, SCAR-At2, and SCAR-Z1063 markers, while resistance to late blight was evaluated using CAPS-Ph3.gsm and TG328 markers. The PCR-based analysis revealed substantial genetic variability among the studied genotypes. The highest frequency of resistance-associated alleles to Fusarium wilt was detected using the SCAR-At2 marker (87.2%), whereas SCAR-Z1063 showed a lower detection rate (53.8%). For late blight, CAPS-Ph3.gsm identified resistance-associated alleles in 72% of genotypes, while TG328 detected resistance in 62% of samples. Several genotypes carrying resistant alleles to both pathogens were identified, highlighting their potential as valuable genetic resources for breeding programs. The results confirm the high efficiency of marker-assisted selection as a reliable tool for the rapid identification of disease-resistant tomato genotypes and support its application in breeding strategies aimed at developing cultivars with durable and broad-spectrum resistance.

17. ZAHRAA ZUHAIR HUSSEIN AL-TAMR*, ASSEL ADNAN QASIM ALSHRAA AND SAWSAN KAREEM FLAIH [Study of the seasonal population dynamics of the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), on tomato plants and evaluation of selected integrated control methods under greenhouse conditions]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 324-332 (2026). Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: zahraa.zouher1204a@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted in a plastic greenhouse at the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad (Al-Jadriya) during the 2025–2026 growing season to investigate the seasonal population dynamics of the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), and to evaluate the effectiveness of selected integrated pest management (IPM) treatments. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Sampling was initiated two weeks after transplanting and continued at weekly intervals until mid-March 2026. Leaf samples were collected from three canopy levels and examined to record different developmental stages (eggs, larvae, and pupae), and population density was expressed as individuals per leaf. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded and analyzed in relation to pest density using correlation and regression analysis. The tested control treatments included pheromone traps (Delta traps) baited with (E3, Z8, Z11)-tetradecatrienyl acetate, Spinosad 24% SC, and neem extract (Azadirachta indica), applied individually and within an integrated program. The results showed significant seasonal fluctuations in pest population, with peak densities occurring under moderate temperature and high relative humidity conditions. The IPM program achieved the highest reduction in population density (72.6%), followed by Spinosad (58.3%) and neem extract (37.0%), compared to the reference treatment. These findings demonstrate that integrating monitoring tools with selective and botanical control measures provides an effective and sustainable strategy for managing T. absoluta under greenhouse conditions while reducing dependence on conventional insecticides.

18. G. L. NGOBENI, P. W. MASHELA* AND K. M. POFU [Plant-parasitic nematodes in subsistence maize producing regions of the Republic of South Africa]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 333-342 (2026). University of Limpopo, Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering Private BagX1106, Sovenga 0727 South Africa *(e-mail: phatu.mashela@ul.ac.za)

ABSTRACT

Limited information exists on the occurrence and distribution of plant nematodes in subsistence maize-producing agricultural areas of South Africa. A nematode survey was thus conducted during summer 2023 in three maize-producing areas each of the Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces of South Africa, to assess the occurrence and distribution of plant nematodes over one season. Results demonstrated that root-knot (Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita) and root-lesion (Pratylenchus zeae) nematodes are the most abundant nematode groups in sampled maize fields followed by spirals (Rotylenchus brevicaudatus, Helicotylenchus dihystera, H. multicinctus) and reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus parvus). Ten other plant-parasitic nematode genera in order of predominance included Hemicriconemoides, Dolichodoridae, Aphelenchus, Scutellonema, Dorylaiminae, Scutellonema, Criconemoides, Ditylenchus, Longidorus and Xiphenema were also identified. Under mixed-species communities, M. javanica outcompeted M. incognita, whereas P. zeae outcompeted P. brachyurus. In conclusion, the low maize yields in subsistence maize-producing areas can, among other challenges, be attributed to the widespread occurrence and distribution of plant nematodes.

19. Olga Kudinova*, Maria Gvozdeva, Valeria Rudenko and Galina Volkova [Effect of repeated treatments with a two-component fungicide based on active ingredients from the triazole and strobilurin classes on the virulence of Puccinia hordei isolates in southern Russia]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 343-349 (2026). Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection» (FSBSI FRCBPP), Krasnodar, 350039, Russia *(e-mail: alosa@list.ru)

ABSTRACT

Resistance of pest populations to fungicide active ingredients is a serious problem for crop production. One of the factors contributing to the development of resistance is the use of fungicides at rates below the recommended application rates and repeated applications of fungicides. According to the literature, this can lead to the selection of virulent pathogen isolates. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis of the selection of virulent Puccinia hordei isolates under the influence of repeated applications at reduced rates of the fungicide Baliy, MEC (active ingredient: 120 g/l azoxystrobin + 180 g/l propiconazole). The study was conducted in the greenhouse complex of the Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection in 2025. Thirty isolates of the North Caucasus population of P. hordei with known virulence were used in the study. Sixteen barley lines containing known Rph resistance genes were used to study the virulence. The plants of the susceptible barley variety Vivat, infected with fungal isolates, were treated with the fungicide Baliy, MEC at a rate of 50% of the recommended application rate (0.3 l/ha). A total of three treatments were performed, and the virulence of 99 P. hordei isolates was studied, of which 97 unique phenotypes were identified. A general trend of a decrease in the frequency of isolates to most lines with Rph genes was observed after the first and second applications of the fungicide. However, an increase in the frequency of isolates to Rph9, Rph14, and Rph19 was observed after the first application, and to Rph3 and Rph9 after the second application. After the third application, 20 fungal isolates ceased to sporulate, and the remaining 10 isolates exhibited high virulence, with an increase in the frequency of isolates infecting lines with Rph1, Rph3, Rph4, Rph5, Rph6, Rph12, Rph14, Rph19, Rph21, Rph25, and Rph27 genes. Therefore, reducing the dosage of the fungicide and performing repeated applications can contribute to the selection of virulent isolates, making strict adherence to the recommended application rates crucial for sustainable barley protection and preventing resistance.

20. Rana Samara* [First report of plum pox virus strain Dideron (PPV-D) infecting Prunus species in the West Bank, Palestine: Molecular detection and field incidence]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 350-355 (2026). Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Palestine Technical University- Kadoorie Tulkarm, Yafa Street, Palestinian Territories *(e-mail: r.samara@ptuk.edu.ps)

ABSTRACT

Plum pox virus (PPV), the causal agent of Sharka disease, is one of the most economically important viral pathogens of stone fruits worldwide. This study aimed to determine the incidence and distribution of the PPV-Dideron (PPV-D) strain in Prunus species across the West Bank, Palestine. A field survey was conducted in multiple governorates, and leaf samples were collected from apricot, peach, nectarine, plum, cherry, and almond trees. Samples were tested using RT-qPCR with PPV-specific primers WK(U)-1, WK(U)-2, and the PrimeTime probe WK(U)-3. Out of 500 samples analyzed, PPV-D was detected in several locations, with incidence levels ranging from 8 to 100% depending on site and governorate. Positive detections were confirmed in Bethlehem, Ramallah, Jenin, Nablus, Tubas, and Hebron, while samples from other surveyed areas tested negative. The overall chi-square analysis (c² = 242.11, df = 36, P < 0.0001, contingency coefficient = 0.55) revealed a highly significant variation in PPV incidence among locations, indicating uneven distribution of the virus across the West Bank. These findings confirm the presence and focal spread of PPV-D in Palestine, highlight almonds as an important host reservoir, and underscore the urgent need for systematic monitoring and the implementation of management strategies to limit further dissemination.

21. ADEL HAMANI, RIMA LABAD AND MOHAMED AMINE FEDDAL* [Design and analysis of a pulse width modulation based agricultural spraying system for flow control]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 356-364 (2026). Agricultural Water Management Laboratory (LMEA) Department of Agricultural Engineering, National Higher School of Agronomy (ENSA) (ES1603), Algiers, Algeria *(e-mail: feddalamine@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Pesticides are essential for crop protection, but excessive application in conventional orcharding leads to serious environmental and health risks. Conventional spraying systems lack precision, resulting in inefficient chemical use and increased losses, while high-cost precision technologies limit adoption in developing regions like Algeria. Therefore, there is a need for cost-effective pulse width modulation (PWM) based spraying systems to optimize pesticide application and enhance sustainability. This study developed a low-cost, smart spraying prototype using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and ultrasonic sensing to achieve site-specific application. An automated spraying system with vertical pipes, pressure regulators, solenoid valves, and flat-fan nozzles was developed for uniform coverage. Nozzle spacing was optimized for effective spraying up to ~5 m height. The system integrates an Arduino Nano, HC-SR04 sensors, and 12V solenoid valves for independent control of three spray levels. Nozzles activate only upon canopy detection, maintaining 2 bar pressure for stable droplets and reduced drift. Theoretical and experimental evaluations demonstrate a strict linear relationship between nozzle activation and canopy architecture. The “auto-stop” mechanism effectively eliminates spray in inter-tree gaps and above the canopy height. Significant chemical savings were recorded, increasing proportionally with tree spacing and vertical variability. This PWM-based architecture provides a functional balance between technological performance and economic feasibility. By decoupling flow control from pressure variation, the system preserves application quality while drastically reducing off-target deposition. This scalable solution supports sustainable pesticide management and environmental stewardship in heterogeneous orchard systems.

22. LAM NGUYEN HO* [Optimisation of planting density and trellis systems for Jasminum subtriplinerve Blume in Central Vietnam]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 365-370 (2026). University of Science and Education (UED), Da Nang University 459 Ton Duc Thang Str., Da Nang City, Vietnam *(e-mail: nhlam@ued.udn.vn)

ABSTRACT

Jasminum subtriplinerve Blume is a high-value medicinal plant widely distributed in central Vietnam, known for its important bioactive compounds and traditional uses in herbal medicine and health-enhancing products, particularly beneficial for postpartum women. Despite its increasing economic importance, current cultivation practices remain largely traditional, resulting in low yields and unstable quality. The objectives of this study are to determine optimal planting density and trellis construction methods for J. subtriplinerve under field conditions. Two experiments were conducted in Jan to June 2025 using a randomised complete block design with three replications. The first experiment evaluated three different planting densities (20 × 20 cm, 30 × 30 cm, and 50 × 50 cm) without trellises, while the second experiment combined these densities with an A-frame trellis system (1.2 m high, 1.0 m wide at the base). Growth parameters and yield were recorded periodically. Results showed that planting density had no significant effect on plant height and leaf number but influenced the number of first-level branches and yield. The application of trellis significantly enhanced plant growth, particularly plant height and the number of primary branches. After six months, fresh yield ranged from 30.8 to 34.1 t/ha in trellised and from 28.5 to 33.1 t/ha without trellis systems. The highest yield was obtained at a planting density of 30 × 50 cm (approximately 111,000 plants ha{ ¹) combined with trellis. These findings provide a scientific basis for applying improved cultivation practices and supporting the sustainable production of J. subtriplinerve in Central Vietnam.

23. NGUYEN Q. TIN*, NGUYEN H. HAI AND TRAN T. HUYEN [Effects of integrated nutrient management on yield, essential oil composition, and antimicrobial activity of Mentha piperita (L.)]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 371-379 (2026). Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Environment, Hanoi, Vietnam. *(e-mail: nguyentin2285@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

Despite extensive research on peppermint, the combined effects of chemical and organic fertilisation on essential oil yield, composition, and antimicrobial activity remain poorly understood, particularly under Vietnamese field conditions. This knowledge gap limits the development of integrated nutrient management strategies for optimising both oil productivity and bioactive quality. This study evaluated the effects of chemical, organic, and integrated fertilisation regimes on essential oil yield, chemical composition, and antimicrobial activity of peppermint cultivated under field conditions in Vietnam. Six treatments were applied: control (F0), NPK (F1), cow manure (F2), chicken manure (F3), NPK + cow manure (F4), and NPK + chicken manure (F5). Fertilization significantly increased essential oil yield (p < 0.05), with the highest values observed under integrated treatments F4 (1.58%) and F5 (1.61%) compared with the control (1.21%). GC–FID/MS analysis identified 96.55–98.92% of the oil constituents, which were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes. Menthol (34.13–40.47%) was the principal compound across all treatments. Cow manure (F2) produced the highest contents of menthol (40.47%) and menthyl acetate (10.33%), whereas chicken manure (F3) and chemical fertilisation (F1) increased the proportions of menthone and isomenthone. Fertilisation also enhanced antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Oils from F2 and F4 showed the strongest activity, with MIC values as low as 72.5 µg/mL against S. aureus and 125 µg/mL against E. faecalis and C. albicans, whereas Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa, were less susceptible. Overall, integrated chemical–organic fertilisation improved both peppermint oil productivity and menthol-rich antimicrobial quality.

24. SALTANAT TLEUKENOVA, ALIBEK RAMAZANOV*, MARGARITA ISHMURATOVA, SAYAGUL TYRZHANOVA, ROZA MUSSINA, ELENA GAVRILKOVA AND DMITRY AGEEV [Comparative evaluation of cryopreservation methods for Silybum marianum seeds]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 380-388 (2026). Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring Research Park at the Karaganda National Research University named after Academician E.A. Buketov, 28 University Street, 100028, Karaganda, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: kairidenovich_rak@mail.ru)

ABSTRACT

The increasing demand for medicinal plants in Kazakhstan, driven by health consciousness and limited access to conventional medicines in remote regions, highlights the need for sustainable cultivation and conservation strategies. Despite the high pharmacological value of milk thistle (Silybum marianum), challenges related to long-term seed preservation remain inadequately addressed. Therefore, developing efficient cryopreservation techniques is essential to ensure genetic stability, prolonged seed viability, and reliable resource availability for medicinal and industrial use. This study aimed to evaluate the factors determining the success of cryopreservation of Silybum marianum seeds, including the freezing method, thawing regimen, and germination conditions. Initial seed moisture and weight were determined, and Silybum marianum seeds were stored in liquid nitrogen (-196°C) for one month. Seeds were cryopreserved in cryotubes and in aluminum foil; seeds stored using traditional methods served as controls, and viability was evaluated through germination and germination energy. Prior to cryopreservation, the seed moisture content of Silybum marianum was adjusted to 3.2%. The study demonstrated that utilizing plastic cryovials yielded significantly higher preservation efficiency compared to aluminum foil packaging. Counter to conventional cryobiological paradigms, these ultradry seeds exhibited enhanced post-thaw viability when subjected to slow warming at room temperature, rather than rapid thawing in a water bath. Ambient light conditions emerged as the most critical determinant for post-cryogenic recovery. Specifically, dark incubation facilitated high and synchronized germination, whereas light exposure severely impeded embryo metabolism, thereby substantiating the pronounced negative photoblastism of this species. In the absence of illumination, seedlings underwent skotomorphogenesis, developing etiolated structures that successfully transitioned to active photosynthesis upon subsequent exposure to light. Consequently, the optimal strategy for safeguarding the Silybum marianum gene pool involves the cryopreservation of ultradry seeds within plastic cryovials coupled with ambient-temperature slow thawing. To accommodate the species’ distinct light-inhibited germination behavior, a novel two-stage regeneration protocol is proposed, incorporating initial dark incubation followed by light-induced greening of etiolated seedlings. Furthermore, an increased sowing depth of 5-8 cm is recommended for open-field cultivation.

25. Murgayanti*, Farida, Citra Bakti, Alifiyan Anur and Eva Aprilia [Optimising in vitro growth, chlorophyll content and secondary metabolite production of Curcuma zedoaria L. through auxin and cytokinin combinations]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 389-394 (2026). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km. 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia *(e-mail: murgayanti@unpad.ac.id)

ABSTRACT

White turmeric is a medicinal rhizome with high pharmaceutical value due to its rich secondary metabolite content. However, conventional propagation is constrained by long growth cycles and susceptibility to diseases. In vitro tissue culture using plant growth regulators (PGRs) offers an alternative approach to improve propagation efficiency and metabolite production. This study evaluated the effects of auxin and cytokinin combinations on plantlet growth and metabolite accumulation of C. zedoaria under in vitro conditions. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomised design with 13 treatment combinations, including a control and combinations of benzyladenine, thidiazuron, or meta-topolin with naphthalene acetic acid or indole acetic acid at concentrations of 1 and 2 ppm. The combination of 1 ppm thidiazuron with 1 ppm naphthalene acetic acid significantly increased shoot multiplication (22.33 shoots per explant), while 2 ppm thidiazuron combined with 1 ppm indole acetic acid resulted in the highest flavonoid content (1.62 mg QE/100 g). These findings demonstrate that appropriate auxin–cytokinin combinations can effectively enhance in vitro propagation and metabolite production of white turmeric.

26. TSEKE PONTSHO EDMUND*, MAHLABANE MASHOTO AND MABOKO MPHOSI [Effect of auxins and cytokinins biostimulant formulations on the growth of Citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. Citroides)]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 395-403 (2026). University of Limpopo, Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: Pontsho.tseke@ul.ac.za)

ABSTRACT

Climate change, soil degradation, and excessive reliance on synthetic fertilizers demand sustainable alternatives to improve crop productivity and resilience. Auxin- and cytokinin-based biostimulants, such as seaweed extracts from Ecklonia maxima, offer potential benefits, yet their optimal concentrations and effects on the growth of citron watermelon remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of different concentrations of auxin- and cytokinin-based biostimulants on the growth attributes of citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides), with experiments conducted and validated during the autumn season (February–April) of 2025. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with biostimulant concentrations ranging from 0 to 60 mL per 2000 mL, replicated ten times; treatment means were compared using the Waller–Duncan multiple range test at 5% probability, and regression analysis was performed in RStudio (v2026) using a quadratic model to estimate optimum concentration. Auxins and cytokinins significantly (P d” 0.05) affected vine length, leaf number, chlorophyll content, stem diameter, and dry shoot mass. Vine length, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, stem diameter, and dry shoot mass all had quadratic relationships with auxins and cytokinins, with models explaining 98%, 99%, 96%, 98%, and 96% of the variation, respectively. The treatment had no significant effect (P e” 0.05) on root length or dry root mass, which showed quadratic correlations with auxins and cytokinins. Models explained 63% and 64% of the variance, respectively. The findings in the current study provided evidence that increasing biostimulants at low concentrations had little effect on plant growth in Citron watermelon plants.

27. INTAN RATNA DEWI ANJARSARI*, NABILA RAGIL WIHARTI, YUDITHIA MAXISELLY AND RESTU WULANSARI [Effect of combined microbial biofertilisers and inorganic fertilisers on growth and phenolic content of tea clone GMB 7]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 404-412 (2026). Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia *(e-mail: intan.ratna@unpad.ac.id)

ABSTRACT

Improving both growth performance and secondary metabolite accumulation is essential for enhancing tea productivity and quality, while excessive reliance on inorganic fertilisers threatens soil health and sustainability. Although biofertilisers offer a sustainable approach to enhance growth and phenolic content limited integrated studies on growth physiology, biochemical traits and application methods necessitate optimisation of their use in tea cultivation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of biofertilizer application techniques and dosages on growth characteristics and total phenolic content (TPC) of tea clone GMB 7. A field experiment was conducted from January to August 2024 at the Experimental Field of the Research Institute for Tea and Cinchona, Gambung, Indonesia. The experiment employed a split-plot design with two application techniques as main plots (foliar spray and soil drenching) and four biofertilizer dosages as subplots (0, 15, 22.5, and 30 L/ha), with three replications The results showed an interaction between the dose of biofertilizer and fertilization technique, as well as significant differences in Plant Growth Rate at 3rd to 5th Plucking, Net Assimilation Rate at 4th and 5th Plucking, and Total Phenolic Content at 1st to 6th Plucking. The results showed significant interaction effects between application technique and dosage on plant growth rate (PGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and TPC across plucking periods. Soil drenching at 15 L/ha produced the highest PGR at the 5th plucking (0.71500 g/m²/day) and improved NAR (0.05861 g/cm²/day). This treatment also enhanced TPC at the 6th plucking (6227.81 mg GAE/g), compared to the control (5501.82 mg GAE/g). In earlier stages, foliar application at 30 L/ha resulted in the highest TPC at the 1st plucking (1620.86 mg GAE/g), while soil application showed more consistent effects across subsequent pluckings. Higher biofertilizer dosages did not consistently improve growth or phenolic content, indicating a saturation response. In conclusion, biofertilizer application at 15 L/ha using soil drenching is the most effective strategy to enhance growth performance and phenolic content of tea clone GMB 7, supporting sustainable tea cultivation.

28. Karina Makhmudova*, Tansara Murzatayeva, Gulnara Sitpayeva and Klara Aitymbetova [Seed banks as a tool for conserving wild plant biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems: A Review]. Research on Crops 27 (2): 413-428 (2026). Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction Almaty, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: carinamakhmudova2015@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

The loss of wild plant biodiversity has become one of the major threats to agricultural sustainability, food security and ecosystem stability. Climate change, soil degradation, habitat loss and the expansion of intensive agriculture reduce the genetic diversity of wild plants and crop wild relatives that may contain valuable traits for drought tolerance, disease resistance and adaptation to poor soils. Seed banking is increasingly considered an effective conservation tool because it allows plant genetic resources to be stored, studied and used for future restoration and breeding programmes. This review was conducted during 2025-2026 using literature from 2015 to 2025 sourced from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Relevant studies on seed banks, wild plant conservation, cryopreservation, and genetic resources were selected based on quality and relevance, and analysed by conservation methods, storage technologies, applications, limitations, and global case studies. The review showed that seed banks are a scalable and cost-effective method for conserving orthodox seeds and supporting post-disturbance restoration. Cryobanks are especially important for recalcitrant seeds, embryos, tissues and other materials that cannot survive conventional drying and freezing. Gene banks strengthen agricultural research and breeding by combining preserved germplasm with passport, phenotypic and molecular data. Global examples from the Millennium Seed Bank, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, community seed banks in Europe and Asia, and the Seed Bank of the Natural Flora of Kazakhstan confirm that seed banking contributes to biodiversity conservation, restoration ecology and long-term agricultural resilience.

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