Volume 23, No. 3 (September, 2022)
1. Q. C. Nguyen1, T. H. Y. Ngo* and T. M. H. Vu [Assessing the potential risks of extreme weather events causing flood hazards for rice cultivation regions in Quang Nam Province]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 481-487 (2022). Faculty of Geography, Hanoi National University of Education 136 Xuan Thuy Str., Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam *(e-mail : ngothihaiyen1976@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Globally, changes in rainfall frequency can cause adverse impacts on many aspects of life, especially in the agriculture sector. The increased tendencies of extreme weather events (EWEs) have considerably affected the rice cultivation regions (RCRs) in Quang Nam Province due to the collapse and inundation, resulting in large damage to the crop yield. Understanding the impacts of the adverse weather phenomena on the RCRs can actively support mitigating the potential risks as well as loss in income due to a decrease in crop productivity. The study investigates trends in rainfall across Thang Binh District, a rice cultivation region of Quang Nam Province in the period 2000 – 2019. The Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimate with a 95% confidence level was used to detect maximum rainfall trends over time. The results indicated that terms of annual rainfall and maximum rainfall in the typhoon season months were mostly recorded as the changing trend. Contrary, the analysis also pointed out that a significant downtrend in the number of maximum rainy days and maximum rainfall in October and annual rainfall pattern can be considered a positive signal contributing to reducing the potential risks of crop loss caused by EWEs across the study area in the background of climate variability.
2. PAIMAN*, AHMAD KHANIF HIDAYAT, SAID SYAHRUL SHOBIRIN AND SANI ISMAWATUN KHASANAH [Efficacy of weed extract as a bioherbicide in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 488-496 (2022). Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas PGRI Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55182, Indonesia *(e-mail : paiman@upy.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Weeds around rice crops can cause competition and then must be controlled. Pre-emergence weed control by utilizing weed extract as herbicides is the alternative solution for substituting synthetic herbicides. In addition, allelopathic compounds of weed can inhibit the seed germination of other species. This study aims to know the efficacy of weed extract types as bioherbicides to inhibit weed growth and increase rice yields. The study was conducted from 2021-2022 in the greenhouse, Ngestiharjo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The Padjajaran Agritan variety was used. This study was a pot experiment arranged in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The weed extract treatment consisted of four types: goat weed, nut grass, siam weed, and cogon grass, which was applied in two ways: seven days before and when planting seedlings. In addition, one control was added, namely without weed extract application. In this study, 81 polybags were used. Each replication consisted of three plant samples. The results showed that the application of weed extract could inhibit weed growth, including the individual weed number and weed dry weight. In addition, it can also increase tiller number, shoot dry weight, panicle number, and grain dry weight of rice. The nut grass and cogon grass were given panicle number and grain dry weight higher than goat weed and siam weed. The right time for weed extract application was seven days before planting for nut grass and when planting for cogon grass to increase the rice yield. Nut grass and cogon grass extracts have efficacy higher than nut grass and siam weed in inhibiting weed growth and increasing rice yield. Therefore, we suggest that nut grass and cogon grass extract can be used for pre-emergence weed control in rice cultivation.
3. Arshdeep Singh*, Chandra Mohan Mehta, Anita Jaswal and Shimpy Sarkar [Influence of modified fertilizers on crop growth, productivity and soil biological values under rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system of Punjab, India]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 497-507 (2022). Department of Agronomy, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India *(e-mail : arshdeep.27269@lpu.co.in)
ABSTRACT
In the last 60 years, chemical fertilizer has played a significant role in world food production. It provides around half of the total amount of N that crops need. Nitrates (NO3) leaching, ammonia (NH3) volatilization and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions contribute to low crop production efficiency (10 to 50 percent) principally due to the loss of N through these processes. Furthermore, nitrogen fertilizer production costs are extremely high. Technology like nitrogen inhibitors and slow-releasing nitrogen fertilizers are used to boost nutrient uptake, fertilizer use efficiency, and crop yields as a result of these situations. Typical Haplustept soils were studied to see how changing fertilizers affected growth, yield, and soil genetic indicators. Fertilizer doses and sources affect soil biological characteristics, which in turn affects enzymatic activity. In the right circumstances, enzymes alter the nitrogen supply in the soil and the plant’s expansion and limestone structure. The Lovely Professional University School of Agriculture, Phagwara, Punjab, conducted two years of fertilizer studies in a rice-wheat cropping system on typical Haplustept soils from 2018 to 2020. Neem coated urea + PK + S + Zn–EDTA performed significantly better than the other treatments for almost all crop growth and agronomic yield attributing characteristics (plant height, number of tillers, effective tillers, panicle/spikelet length and grain per spik, test weight, grain and straw yields). At various stages of rice-wheat growth, enzyme activity in the soil (dehydrogenase and aryl sulfatase) was also measured in the current study. Enzyme activity peaked at the heading stage in surface soil in all treatments, and then steadily declined thereafter. For both stages of crop growth in surface soil, the highest dehydrogenase and aryl sulfatase activity was found in urea + PK + S + Zn –EDTA covered with Neem. Anhydrous ammonia was shown to have the lowest enzymatic activity.
4. Anita Jaswal*, Chandra Mohan Mehta and Arshdeep Singh [Probing the impact of biochar combined with organic and inorganic amendments on soil carbon pools of rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 508-515 (2022). Department of Agronomy, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144 411 (Punjab), India *(e-mail : anita.27139@lpu.co.in)
ABSTRACT
Biochar incorporation as a soil amendment has been shown to improve soil quality by sequestering carbon in soil for longer period of time. The two years field experiment was done at Agronomy research fields of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India during 2018-19 and 2019-20 to probe the impact of biochar combined with organic and inorganic amendments on soil carbon pools of rice-wheat cropping system. The experiment was comprised with nine treatments viz., 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF), 50% RDF + Biochar, 50% RDF +25% FYM + Biochar, 50% RDF + 50% FYM + Biochar, 50% RDF +25% VC + Biochar, 50% RDF + 50% VC + Biochar, 50% RDF + 25% PM + Biochar, 50% RDF + 50% PM + Biochar, control (no fertilizer) and imposed in RBD design with three replications for each treatment. Pusa basmati 1121 and PBW550 varieties of rice and wheat was taken as a test crops. The results revealed that application of 50 % RDF + 50% PM + Biochar in rice and 50% RDF + 50% FYM + Biochar in wheat crop to soil significantly improved the soil carbon fractions i.e., Permanganate oxidizable carbon, Particulate organic carbon and Microbial biomass carbon at harvest of the crops during both years. This study has demonstrated that C pools in the soil can be enhanced by the biochar through stimulating soil microorganisms. Carbon storage in the soil is improved after biochar addition. By adding biochar with fertilizer and manures C sequestration can be enhanced. Based on the findings in this study, conventional fertilizer and manure application to soils could be associated with biochar through which multi-benefits (e.g., soil amendment, environment protection, and C sequestration) could be obtained simultaneously. Thus, converting rice straw to biochar for its application as soil amendment and C sequester decrease straw burning in open field in Northern India.
5. E. A. SHEVYAKHOVA*, E. V. SEMINCHENKO** AND A. M. BELYAKOV*** [Role of the basic soil tillage in the culture of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the dry steppe zone of the Lower Volga region of Russia]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 516-521 (2022). Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) 97 Universitetskiy Prospekt, 400062, Volgograd, Russia (e-mail : *eshevyahova@yandex.ru; **eseminchenko@mail.ru; ***dokbam49@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
When growing crops in the Lower Volga region, where the main factors limiting yields are soil moisture and air drought, it is important to select the optimal method of tillage in order to maximize moisture conservation and increase the productivity of cultivated crops. Therefore, in the conditions of the dry-steppe zone of the Right Bank of the Volga in 2018-2020, we on light chestnut soils in the crop rotation black fallow – winter wheat – spring wheat, studies were carried out to identify the optimal method of basic tillage (FNC Agroecology RAS, Russia, Volgograd). The water regime of the soil, the structural elements of the crop, the level of productivity were analyzed. A statistical analysis of the obtained data was carried out. It has been established that the use of a chisel tillage tool contributes to a better preservation of productive moisture by the end of the spring wheat growing season (4.4-5.5 mm), greater payback of precipitation (5.5 kg/mm), the maximum number of productive stems (247 pieces/m2), the number of grains in ear (26 pcs.), weight of 1000 grains (26.7 g) and obtaining the maximum grain yield (1.34 t/ha) compared with the control (without the main treatment) and moldboard plowing.
6. Andrey V. Solonkin*, Andrey V. Guzenko, Antonina A. Pitonya and Vladimir N. Pitonya [Improvement of winter soft wheat varieties in the conditions of the Volgograd, Russia]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 522-528 (2022). Federal Research Center of Agroecology Integrated Land Reclamation and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences” Volgograd 400062, 97 Universitetskiy Ave., Russia *(e-mail : solonkin-a@vfanc.ru)
ABSTRACT
In the dry-steppe zone of chestnut soils of the Volgograd region, the influence of economically valuable plant traits on grain yield was determined on the varieties of competitive variety testing for the years 2000 to 2018. The main task of breeding winter soft wheat of the Volgograd region is to create varieties with increased resistance to changing weather conditions and consistently high productivity of high-quality grain. Competitive variety testing was laid on a black pair according to the methodology of the State Commission, with plot size of 25 m2 replicated 4 times, and seeding rate of 4 million germinating grains / ha. The initial breeding material was created using systematic hybridization of local varieties with samples from the VNIIR collection. The varieties of the competitive test were mainly represented by semi-intensive types. Harvesting of winter wheat was carried out by a continuous method, a SAMPO – 130 combine harvesters. Biometric indicators of the structure of the winter wheat crop are carried out using a 0.25 m2 frame, in 3-fold repetition. According to the test results, a close correlation of the yield was established: on the grain mass of the main ear (r = 0.69), the mass of 1000 grains (r=0.72) and the number of productive ears per unit area (r=0.73). In 2019, 45 samples of the VNIIR world collection of new arrivals, of various geographical origin, were studied. Samples with a complex of economically useful signs have been identified: Skarbnitsa, Governor of the Don, Pionerskaya 32, Ear of Orenburg, Atava, Poveliya, Zvytyaga.
7. KUSHAL BHATTARAI*, BISHNU BHUSAL AND MUKTIRAM POUDEL [Correlation and path analysis of yield and yield attributing traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in irrigated and non-irrigated environments]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 529-536 (2022). Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Post-Graduate program, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal *(e-mail : kushalbhattarai30@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Correlation and path analysis helps breeders to discriminate the yield attributing characters and aids in the development of the cultivars that are better suited to the changing scenario. The present study was conducted during 2019-2021 at the farm of Deurali Institute of Agro-tourism and Educational Research Center, Nepal to assess the relation between the yield and yield attributing characters, and the direct and indirect effect of these traits to the grain yield. Twenty elite wheat lines were planted in two environments viz., irrigated and non-irrigated and data were collected at different stage of growth. From this study, the highest correlation of yield contributing factor with grain yield was observed in grain per spike (GPS) in irrigated environment, whereas it was with spikelet per spike (SPS) and spike length (SPL) in case of non-irrigated environment suggesting that SPS and SPL can be used for selecting genotypes in non-irrigated environment. In both the environment, spike length had highest direct effect to the grain yield indicating that the direct selection to improve grain yield with these traits would be effective; in addition, SPL and SPS have also direct positive effect to the grain yield and valuable for improving grain yield and adaptability in non-irrigated environment.
8. A. R. Adebayo*, D. J. Molebatsi and E. T. Sebetha [Preliminary comparison of WEMA maize (Zea mays) variety and maize hybrid under different irrigation frequencies and soil types]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 537-543 (2022). Food Security and Focused Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North-West University Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag x 2046 Mmabatho 2735, South Africa *(e-mail : adebayoruth101@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Water scarcity and soil fertility have been long recognized as the most crucial factors limiting maize production. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was conducted during 2021 planting season at North-West university Research Farm to investigate the comparison of Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) maize and hybrid maize varieties under different irrigation frequencies and soil types. The experiment was a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment fitted in a randomized complete block design in four replicates. The treatment factors consist of irrigation frequency (1, 2 and 3 times in a week), soil types (Sandy and Sandy loam) and maize variety (WEMA and PANNAR varieties). Results indicated that the tallest plant height (41.99 and 56.38 cm) was recorded with three times irrigation frequency at 46 and 53 DAP. The maize variety sown in the sandy loamy had a higher number of leaves (6.50 and 7.75) at 46 and 53 DAP, respectively. The WEMA variety had higher chlorophyll content (13.73 SPAD) at 46 DAP. The PANNAR maize variety had higher chlorophyll content (16.65 SPAD) at 53 DAP. Highest shoot dry weight (4.30 g) was obtained in sandy loam soil type. WEMA variety had highest total dry matter weight (20.90 g). The result indicated that sandy loam, maize variety and irrigation frequency three times enhanced the growth of WEMA variety and PANNAR hybrid. WEMA maize produced the highest dry matter compared to PANNAR. This showed that WEMA variety could tolerate water deficit compared to the PANNAR hybrid.
9. K. R. CHAUHAN, H. F. PATEL* AND S. K. ATTAR [Effect of weed management practices on weed control efficiency, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of summer maize (Zea mays) under humid tropic conditions]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 544-549 (2022). Department of Agronomy Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari-396 450, Gujarat, India *(e-mail : hfpatel108@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Weed management is the most challenging component of summer maize cultivation. Weeds that are not controlled compete for light and the crop’s nutrient and water resources, and yield losses may be up to 70% of the potential yield. The critical time for weed control in maize is between crop emergence and canopy closure. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during summer, 2019 at the N. M. College of Agriculture Farm, Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat, India to find effective weed management practice in summer maize cultivation. The treatments included various weed management strategies where pre and post emergence herbicides were either sprayed or integrated with hand weeding. The results revealed significantly higher grain and straw yield (6473 and 8041 kg/ha, respectively) with weed free, which was statistically at par with pendimethalin (CS) @ 1.5 kg/ha as pre-emergence (PE) + 1 hand weeding (HW) at 30 days after sowing (DAS). Among the weedicide treatments, minimum weed population at harvest, least dry weight of weeds, lowest weed index, highest weed control efficiency and maximum benefit cost ratio was recorded in pendimethalin (CS) @ 1.5 kg/ha as PE + 1 HW at 30 DAS) which was followed by treatment T5 (Pendimethalin EC @ 1.0 kg/ ha as PE +1 HW at 30 DAS). Maximum nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in grain and straw was recorded in weed free plots which was statistically at par with treatment T6 where Pendimethalin (CS) @ 1.5 kg/ha was applied as pre-emergence and integrated with one hand weeding thirty days after sowing.
10. ANATOLY SAVVA*, TAMARA TELEZHENKO, SERGEY KOVALEV AND VALERIA SUVOROVA [Evaluating a newer three component herbicide Fulltime, MD for corn (Zea mays) in the central agro-climatic zone of Krasnodar Krai, Russia]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 550-553 (2022). Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Research Centre of Biological Plant Protection» 350039, Krasnodar, p/o 39, FSBSI FRCBPP, Russia *(e-mail : savap53@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
Among the factors that reduce corn yield, the main one is the infestation of crops. Thus, field experiments were carried out in 2019 and 2020 on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection” (Krasnodar). The aim of the research was to study the effect of the herbicide Fultime, MD (75 g/L mesotrione + 37.5 g/L nicosulfuron + 17.5 g/L picloram) in corn crops. The experiments were laid out in the form of randomized blocks on plots of 25 m2 in quadruple repetition. In the variants with the use of the herbicide Fultime, MD at the rates of 1.0 and 2.0 L/ha, 82-100% herbicidal effect was noted against dicotyledonous and cereal weeds without a negative effect on corn and a significant preserved grain yield (83.8 and 91.9 %) in comparison with the control (without herbicides).
11. HAZARIKA, K.*, GOSWAMI, R. K., BHARALI, B., KALITA, P., GOSWAMI, J. AND NEOG, B. [Physiological performance of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes under Assam situation]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 556-561 (2022). Department of Crop Physiology Faculty of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University Jorhat-785013, Assam, India *(e-mail : kundalhazarika50@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a self-pollinated, diploid (2n=20), C4 grass species belonging to the family Poaceae. It is a drought tolerant crop, used as food for humans and feed for animals. Currently, the crop has been given more importance due to its capacity to produce bioethanol or biofuels. As in Assam, its cultivation is very limited, therefore, a field experiment was conducted at ICR farm of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during rabi season of 2019-20 with twelve diverse genotypes of sweet sorghum with the objectives to evaluate sweet sorghum genotypes on the basis of morpho- physiological traits under rabi season. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and the crop was raised following the recommended package of practices. The morpho-physiological parameters of the crop and yield were recorded following standard methodologies. The results indicated significant differences in all the morpho-physiological parameters and grain yield among different sweet sorghum genotypes. All these characters were found significantly higher in the genotype ICSV 15006 followed by ICSV 25274, while significantly lower values of all the above were recorded in ICSV 13012. Among the genotypes, ICSV15006 possessed significantly higher plant height, number of tillers, total dry matter and total sugars in both stalks and grains at harvest. The number of green leaves, leaf area index, relative leaf water content, total leaf chlorophyll and absolute growth rate were also found significantly higher in the genotype ICSV 15006 followed by ICSV 25274. Significantly higher grain yield with 1.06 t ha-1 was observed in the genotype ICSV 15006 followed by ICSV 25274 with 1.03 t ha-1. Based on morpho-physiological characters and yield, the genotypes ICSV 15006 and ICSV 25274 were identified as the superior genotypes which can be used in different breeding programme for yield improvement in sweet sorghum, more particularly during rabi season in Assam.
12. K. G. MALEKA, P. W. MASHELA* AND K. M. POFU [Interactive effects of drenched triterpenoid phytonematicides on sugar content and plant growth of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) under microplot conditions]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 562-565 (2022). Green Biotechnologies Research Centre University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106 Sovenga, 0727, Republic of South Africa *(e-mail : phatu.mashela@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Globally, sweet sorghum is being used as source of ethanol. However, its sugar content is highly variable, and nematodes are suspected as the potential cause of the variability. Two cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides were on various occasions shown to improve sugar content and plant growth of sweet sorghum cultivars, with cucurbitacins chemically classified as terpenoids. The terpenoids being tested during 2020 and 2021 as phytonematicides at the University of Limpopo, South Africa, include Nemarioc-AL, Nemafric-BL and Mordica. Although the interactive effects of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL on sugar content and plant growth had been widely investigated, the interactive effects of the products with Mordica on the test plant variables had not been documented. The eight factorial treatments, namely, untreated control, Nemarioc-AL alone Nemafric-BL alone, Mordica alone, Nemafric-BL + Mordica, Nemarioc-AL + Mordica, Nemafric-BL + Mordica and Nemarioc-AL + Nemafric-BL + Mordica, arranged in a randomised complete block design, were replicated six times in a microplot trial. At 150 days after initiating the treatments, the second order interaction increased degree Brix by 66 and 48% in the middle and bottom internodes, respectively, but without affecting plant growth variables. The latter were significantly affected by the first order interactions which excluded Mordica. In conclusion, Mordica should not be included in cropping system of sweet sorghum, where the intention includes increasing sugar content.
13. MUHAMMAD ANSAR*, BAHRUDIN AND PAIMAN [Application of cow urine fertilizers to increase the growth and yield of mustard plants (Brassica rapa L.)]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 566-573 (2022). 1Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Tadulako, Palu 94111, Center Sulawesi, Indonesia *(e-mail : ansharpasigai@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Mustard plant is one of the main types of vegetables widely consumed in Indonesia. Synthetic fertilizers are always used to increase crop productivity and add environmental residue. Using cow urine is one of the zero waste applications in agriculture. This research aims to know the optimum concentration of cow urine on the growth and yield of mustard. This research was conducted from May 2021 to November 2021 in Olobojo Village, Sigi Biromaru Subdistrict, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment of cow urine concentration consisted of five levels, namely 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80%. In this study, 15 plots were needed. For each plot of the experiment, there were 84 plants. The experiment results showed that the application of cow urine affected the growth and yield of mustard plants. Applying cow urine can increase leaf area, plant dry weight, net assimilation rate (NAR), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and harvest yield. The application of 80% cow urine concentration provided the mustard harvest yield higher than other treatments. The study findings that the application of cow urine has not reached the optimum concentration for the mustard plant in inceptisol soils. We recommend that the application of cow urine with a concentration higher than 80% is required in mustard cultivation.
14. Shradha Nirwan#, Anupriya Chatterjee#, Anand Kumar Tewari, Pankaj Sharma, Abha Agnihotri** and Neeraj Shrivastava1,* [Biochemical profiling of Brassica juncea doubled haploid mutant genotypes under white rust disease stress]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 574-583 (2022). Amity Institute of Microbial Technology Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201303, India (e-mail : *neersar@gmail.com; **agnihotri.abha@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
White rust, caused by oomycete pathogen Albugo candida, is a serious disease for the crops of Brassicaceae family. It is an obligate pathogen responsible for up to 60% yield loss with combined infection of leaves and inflorescence across the globe. Biochemical variations in host plants can alter the content of proteins, sugars, phenols, iron content etc. enables to understand the biochemistry of host-pathogen interaction. Therefore, the present study was conducted during 2017-2019 at Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh to evaluate the biochemical response of Brassica juncea var. Varuna and its doubled haploid (DH) mutant genotypes infected with A. candida causing white rust at cotyledonary leaf stage. The seven mutant genotypes were tested for pathogenic response against five white rust isolates (WRI). In the challenge assay, mutant genotypes C66 and C69 showed resistance response as compared to susceptible host B. juncea var. Varuna against different isolates on the basis of disease severity. The biochemical parameters were found to be high in the uninoculated genotypes in comparison to infected cotyledons of B. juncea genotypes. The biochemical profile emphasizes significant increase in content of protein, sugar, and phenol from highest in genotype C66 positively correlating with resistance response against pathogen in comparison to other mutant genotype C69 and susceptible check Varuna. The results suggest that factors conditioning the response of mutant genotypes to WRI may differ or control in different ways and triggers novel defense signaling.
15. HOANG THI THAI HOA*, DO DINH THUC AND DO THANH NHAN [Efficiency of different potassium and sulfur fertilizers on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) production in tropical sandy soil]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 584-589 (2022). University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue city, Vietnam *(e-mail : htthoa@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
In the sandy soil of Vietnam’s South-Central Coast, peanut is a significant crop. The application of K and S needs to crops has recently attracted a lot of interest, especially for peanut. However, a comparison on the effects of different types of K and S fertilizers viz., ammonium sulphate (AS), superphosphate (SP), NPKS, potassium sulphate (SOP), and potassium chloride (MOP) is to be evaluated on the yield, quality, and K and S content in peanut seed. This study was conducted during winter spring and summer seasons 2019 – 2020 at Binh Dinh province (SCCVN). Equal rate of 75 kg K/ha and 30 kg S/ha was applied as SOP, NPKS and a mixture of AS, SP, MOP and these were compared against a control which applied nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers. SOP application resulted in the highest yield (2.93 – 4.92 t/ha), protein (24 %), lipid (53 %) and seed K (0.19-0.53 %) and seed S (0.57-0.69 %). The study concluded that application of 75 kg K/ha and 30 kg S/ha in SOP fertilizer based on @ 8 tons of cattle manure + 40 kg N + 40 kg P + 500 kg lime/ha is suitable for peanut crop in SCCVN.
16. Sukhareva E. P. and Belikina A. V.* [Yield of dye safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) varieties influenced by row spacing and seeding rates in the Volgograd region of Russia]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 590-594 (2022). Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (FSC of Agroecology RAS) Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail : belikina-a@vfanc.ru)
ABSTRACT
Safflower is a crop capable of growing and forming a crop of seeds to obtain vegetable oils suitable for use for food and technical purposes. Agricultural land in the Volgograd region of Russia is insufficient in soil moisture, therefore, for a guaranteed harvest and the production of vegetable oils, dyed safflower is sown. Moreover, the safflower crop is relatively new for farmers for which various agro-technological areas are to be explored for cost-effective cultivation of the crop. Therefore, this study was conducted during2020 – 2021on an experimental plot, with light chestnut soils, safflower was sown for research according to its predecessor – black fallow. The climate of the area where the experiments were carried out is considered arid, with rare, unproductive precipitation, the HTC in the summer season is 0.1-0.3, the soil moisture reserve in the meter layer is 87.2 mm, the vegetative period of safflower plants is up to 124 days. Since autumn, the main tillage was carried out – disking, in the spring, spring harrowing in two tracks, followed by pre-sowing cultivation. The varieties of dye safflower included in the experiment were Alexandrite, Zavolzhsky 1, Volgogradsky 15 andKamyshinsky73. The experimental crop was sown using three row spacings of 15, 30 and 45 cm. Three seeding rates viz., 250, 350 and 450 thousand seeds/ha were used for each variety under different row spacings. The experimental variants were replicated three times. The yield data of safflower was analyzed using the Microsoft Office Excel program subjected to dispersion analysis with a purpose to establish the optimal methods for sowing safflower in the light chestnut soils of Nizhnevolzhsky region. The study revealed that the highest yield (1.13 t/ha) was recorded in safflower variety Alexandrite with a row width of 15 cm, and the seeding rate of 350 thousand seeds/ha. The lowest yield of 0.61 t/ha was recorded in variety Kamyshinsky 73 under wide row spacing of 45 cm, with a seeding rate of 450 thousand seeds/ha. The results highlight that the seeding rate and variety have an impact of 19% and 15%, respectively. The impact of interaction between seeding rates and row spacing son the yield of dye safflower is 0.02%. As a result of the analysis of variance, it was determined that the significance of row spacing’s is 44.68% and varieties 48.72%, with an error of 0.049888889. The value of the factors incorporated in the study has a significant impact on the yield of dye varieties of safflower.
17. A. M. Belyakov* and M. V. Nazarova [The knowledge and role of adaptive agriculture]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 595-601 (2022). Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (FSC of Agroecology RAS), 400062 Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail : dokbam49@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
Since its inception, agriculture has been adapting for soil and climatic conditions. Various farming systems and agricultural technologies are used in Russia. For a long time in areas of insufficient moisture, systematic work was carried out to develop and introduce adaptive methods of cultivation of agricultural crops. This study aims to argue the influence of the adaptation factor in the formation of agricultural technologies and farming systems on crop productivity and the ecological balance of the agro-landscape of the arid farming zone of the Lower Volga region. The studies were carried out from 2013 to 2021 on stationary sites of agricultural landscapes formed under the influence of agricultural technologies of varying degrees of adaptability (moldboard, combined and direct sowing). The research methodology was based on the works of scientists V. I. Kiryushin, A. L. Ivanov, N. P. Masyutenko, and A. V. Gostev, the methods of the GNU VNIIZiZPE, FGBNU “Rosinformagrotech” were used. Studies have shown that crop selection, methods of moisture accumulation, which provide additional moisture reserves up to 30-40 mm in a meter soil layer and growth productivity of crops up to 0.6 to 0.8 t/ha in grain units, the forest reclamation complex, which performs an ecological function of restoring degraded territories and soils, these are important links in adaptive agricultural technologies in the conditions of the Lower Volga region. It was found that farming systems and crop cultivation technologies should contain the main elements of adaptability, such as the arrangement of the territory, a balanced proportion of the main categories of agricultural land, typification of arable land by slopes and humus content in the soil, adaptive crop rotation, the recommended amount of total forest cover, taking into account the zonal aspect, justified type and design of field shelterbelts, which ultimately ensures the formation of an ecologically balanced agricultural landscape.
18. K. R. Rajadurai*, J. Rajkumar and C. Rajababu [Evaluation of different ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) germplasm under rainfed vertisols of Tamil Nadu, India]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 602-607 (2022). Regional Research Station (TNAU) Virudhunagar District, Aruppukottai-626107, Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail : krrhorti@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Underutilized waste lands of vertisols can be successfully utilized for cultivation of ber for which identification of suitable germplasm plays a significant role to achieve maximum returns. An experiment was conducted during 2017 to 2020 at Regional Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Aruppukottai under the dry vertisols of Tamil Nadu, India. This experiment was carried out under ICAR- All India Coordinated Research Project on Arid Zone Fruits (ICAR-AICRP-AZF). Twenty-six (26) ber genotypes were evaluated to assess the growth, yield and quality performances. Among the genotypes evaluated, the ber variety Kaithali (ZM-3) registered higher individual fruit weight (24.3 g), pulp weight (22.5 g), fruit yield per tree (18. 9 kg) and yield per ha (5.10 tonnes/ha). Next to Kaithali, Gola (ZM-4) recorded more individual fruit weight of 22.55 g, pulp weight of 20.46 g, Fruit yield per tree of 17.05 kg and fruit yield per ha of 4.6 tonnes. The variety Kakadia I (ZM8) showed reduced fruit yield per tree of 13.8 kg and fruit yield per ha of 3.7 tonnes. All genotypes recorded TSS values ranging from 10.3 to 16.2oBrix. Based on this it could be concluded that the ber germplasm Kaithali is suitable for dry vertisols tracts of Tamil Nadu to enhance the overall output for the farming community.
19. Ceppy Nasahi, Ida Hasian, Rika Meliansyah, Denny Kurniadie* and Syifa Nabilah Subakti-Putri [Effect of calcium chloride on reducing Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. infection on post-harvest fruits of Carica papaya L.]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 608-612 (2022). 1Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia *(e-mail : denny.kurniadie@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) is one of the significant post-harvest diseases in fruit crops such as papaya (Carica papaya, L.). calcium chloride (CaCl2) concentration potentially reduces the infection of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in papaya fruit coating, the design used in this study was Complete Randomized Design (CRD) using 5 treatments of CaCl2 (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) with 5 replications. The study was conducted at the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia, from April to July 2020. different concentrations of calcium chloride were sprayed on the surface of papayas with anthracnose symptoms. The symptoms, signs of the disease, and the intensity of the disease were observed after treatment. The intensity of the disease attack on the tenth day after the application showed non-significant results. The in vivo trial showed that the calcium chloride concentration of 8% could inhibit the growth of C. gloeosporioides by up to 20.93%. The papayas treated with CaCl2 at a concentration of 8% were entirely infected on the fifth day after application, while those treated with 2, 4 and 6% CaCl2 and control were infected on the third day. The calcium chloride 8% suppresses the incidence and severity of anthracnose.
20. Anmol, Sanjay Singh*, Manish Bakshi and Shailesh Kumar Singh [Response of strawberry (Fragaria x anannasa) genotypes under protected condition]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 613-620 (2022). Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India *(e-mail : sanjaydbtster@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Strawberry is mainly a temperate fruit crop but now it is being grown under subtropical and tropical conditions as well due to existence of wide range of genotypes. These genotypes need to be evaluated for their performance under different growing environment preferably under protected conditions. The experiment was carried out at Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab during 2018-19 to determine the role of growing conditions and the genotype × growing conditions interaction for commercial cultivation of strawberry under two growing conditions, polytunnel and shade net for twenty-six quantitative traits. The data confirms significant difference among genotypes for plant height and plant spread where better growth was reported under polytunnel at early phase, while in later phase the growth was better under shade net. ‘Winter Dawn’, ‘Hadar’, ‘E1-13#32’, ‘Barak’, ‘San Andreas’, ‘Sweet Charlie’ and ‘Camarosa’ failed to produce runners while in other genotypes, the runner production was reported to be significantly better under shade net than polytunnel. The chlorophyll index, leaf area index, average fruit yield per plant and all the quality attributes were significantly affected by genotypes, growing conditions and their interaction. The genotypes grown under polytunnel outperformed that of shade net with highest mean yield per plant in ‘Winter Dawn’followed by‘Hadar’ and ‘Camarosa’.
21. Nguyen Phuoc Minh* [Technical parameters affecting the physicochemical, phenolic, antioxidant and sensory properties of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L.) kefir]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 621-627 (2022). Institute of Applied Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail : nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Watermelon contains a rich source of valuable constituents that could be utilized as substrate for lactic and alcoholic fermentation. Fruit kefir beverages are really appreciated due to its unique acidic taste, refreshing, low carbonated, adequate alcoholic and acceptable acetic content. It’s necessary to process watermelon fruit into value-added product to resolve the unmarketable congestion at harvesting season. This research was conducted at STNanotech Laboratory in 2021 to demonstrate different technical parameters such as fermentation temperature (28-31oC), fermentation time (12-60 hrs), kefir grain ratio (3-5% w/v) to the physicochemical, phenolic, antioxidant and sensory attributes of watermelon kefir. Results showed that fermentation resulted on a significant degradation of total soluble solid, total phenolic content and DPPH free radical scavenging, a great improvement of total titratable acidity and ethanol. Meanwhile, there was no clear difference on viscosity during fermentation. Watermelon juice fermented at 30oC for 36 hrs with 4% kefir grain showed the best overall acceptance (8.86±0.01 score) with adequate ethanol content (4.28±0.02 % v/v) and total titratable acidity (2.56±0.01 g/L citric acid). Watermelon kefir with a pleasant alcoholic flavor would be one favorite beverage in daily consumption.
22. Nguyen Phuoc Minh* [Evaluating the use of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seeds for ethanol fermentation]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 628-633 (2022). Institute of Applied Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail : nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Jackfruit seed is commonly considered as waste from fruit processing. This research was conducted at STNanotech Laboratory in 2021 to evaluate the possibility of using jackfruit seed as a good carbohydrate source for saccharification and ethanol fermentation. Different fungi species such as Rhizopus oryzae, Penicillium oxalicum, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus awamori were examined on the efficacy of saccharification to produce the reducing sugar. The ratios of yeast affected on the ethanol fermentation were verified. The starch hydrolysis was performed on the cooked jackfruit seed powder with different fungi as starter culture using Rhizopus oryzae, Penicillium oxalicum, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus awamori at different ratios (6-14%). The starch hydrolysis and alcohol fermentation were performed on the cooked jackfruit seed powder with fungi species at ambient temperature for 72-168 hrs. Water was added into the saccharification batch at different time points (24-120 hrs). Results showed that jackfruit seed should be simultaneously treated by Aspergillus oryzae and Saccharomyces cereviceae at 8% : 4% ratio, time point of water addition at 96 hrs, total time of ethanol production for 144 hrs to obtain 24.08±0.00 g/L of ethanol. Jackfruit seed with abundant carbohydrate content would be a promising candidate for ethanol fermentation.
23. H. K. Sachan* and Deeksha Krishna [Nutrient index approach for soil fertility assessment in taro (Colocasia esculenta) farming areas of Rewa Province, Fiji]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 634-639 (2022). Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Koronivia Campus P.O. Box 1544 Republic of Fiji *(e-mail : sachanhk@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Nutrient index methods and fertility indicators can be used to determine the fertility status of soils. The information can be used to develop soil management strategies for farmers. The research was conducted in the Rewa district of Fiji, to assess soil fertility status using the nutrient index approach. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) growing farms were selected from three sub-districts of Rewa province for the present investigation and collected soil samples were analyzed in accordance with standard procedures for evaluating chemical parameters and the status of available nutrients in the soil. The study discovered that the soils of farms are acidic in reaction, have low levels of organic carbon and phosphorus, and are moderate in nitrogen and potassium nutrients, however, the soils had a high content of calcium and magnesium. The nutrient index value (NIV) calculated for organic carbon and nitrogen were recorded as low at 1.60 and 1.43 respectively. The NIV calculated for exchangeable phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium content was recorded as high with 4.46,3.10 and 2.35 respectively. The soil fertility for potassium content was in the medium category with a value of 2.01. The results of this study are expected to help build future research plans for the Rewa taro farms and guide necessary methods for sustainable soil fertility management.
24. Dewi Hernawati, Jajang Sauman Hamdani*, Sumadi1, Syariful Mubarok, Yayan Sumekar** and Muhamad Alfiya [Physiological response, yield and quality of G0 potato (Solanum tuberosum) seed yield to various concentrations and time of application of prohexadione-ca bioregulator]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 640-648 (2022). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 43563, Indonesia (e-mail: *jajang.sauman@unpad.ac.id ; **yayan.sumekar@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Potato cultivation on the surface of the media faces obstacles in the form of high temperatures which cause the biosynthesis of gibberellins to increase and disrupt the tuberization process of potatoes. The use of hormonal engineering that can be done to increase the quantity and quality of G0 potato seeds is the use of retardant or anti-gibberellin Prohexadione-Ca with the right concentration and time of application. The experiment was carried out from June 2021 to February 2022 at Screen House, Ciparanje Jatinangor Experimental Garden, and Hortiklutura Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University. This experiment factorial randomized block design consisting of two factors., concentration of Prohexadione-Ca which includes three levels (50, 100, and 150 ppm) application time of Prohexadione-Ca (30, 40, and 50 days after planting). The experimental results showed that there was an independent effect between the dose and time of application of Prohexadione-Ca on the physiological components, yield, and quality of results. The dose of Prohexadione-Ca 50 ppm independently gave the best effect on the chlorophyll content index and stomatal conductance. The time of application of Prohexadione-Ca 40 days after planting independently gave the best effect on the number of potatoes per plant, potato weight per plant, and shoot length.
25. HARINARAYANAN M. N.*, RAMANATHAN. SP, NAGARAJAN. K., KALARANI. M. K., SATHYAMOORTHY. N. K. AND GEETHALAKSHMI. I. [Transforming microclimate to improve yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) by utilizing polyhouse and colour plastic mulches associated with drip irrigation]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 649-656 (2022). Agro Climate Research Centre Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore-641003, Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail : hariharinz206@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Microclimate modification patterns are about the mimicking of natural systems to control the environment to achieve several benefits. Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) are high yielding summer vegetables but are extremely sensitive to sudden weather changes. So, the changes in microclimatic parameters under polyhouse by using plastic mulching has evaluated on cucumber to improve the production of fruits and also to identify the optimum microclimatic situation of the crop. Research was conducted to study the performance of cucumber under protected conditions with different plastic mulches. This experiment was conducted in a split plot design, having irrigation levels as main plot and mulches as subplots. The study revealed that there was an increase in RH and air temperature inside the poly house. RH was increased by 8-12% that of outside. Temperature showed 5-7% increase in morning time and 7-10% in afternoon. Mulching helped to maintain the soil moisture higher than the bare soil and black mulch showed higher soil temperature and soil moisture (23.3%) under 100% irrigation. Black mulch with 100% irrigation attained maximum plant height (174.05cm). Yield of crop was also influenced by mulching. Black mulch with 100% irrigation attained maximum yield (36.1t/ha) followed by white (33.6t/ha) and silver (32.1t/ha) at same level of irrigation. Yield decreased in correspondence with reduction in irrigation level. Red and yellow mulches performed on par and maintained soil moisture greater than control plot. In conclusion, Black mulch with 100% irrigation performed well among the treatments because of higher moisture and favourable soil temperature.
26. NTHABISENG MASETLA, YVONNE MAILA* AND KAGISO SHADUNG [Accumulation of phytochemicals at different growth stages of Cleome gynandra grown under greenhouse and microplot conditions]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 657-665 (2022). 1Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering University of Limpopo, Private Bag x1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : yvonne.maila@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Phytochemicals are bioactive non-nutrient plant compounds that accumulate in response to environmental changes and possess medicinal properties. The concentration of these useful phytochemicals is well associated with the stage of the crop and also the management practices adopted. Therefore, a greenhouse and open field microplot experiments were conducted to investigate the accumulation of phytochemicals at different growth stages of Cleome gynandra. Seven treatments constituting fifth leaf stage (control), vegetative, flower-bud, flowering, pod initiation, pod filling and physiological maturity stages were arranged in RCBD, with 10 replications. Young leaves and tender shoots were harvested weekly and then subjected to phytochemical analysis. Data on antioxidant activity (AA), total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and proanthocyanidins (PAs) were determined prior to analysis of variance through SAS Software. Under greenhouse conditions, relative to the control, accumulation of AA and PAs was the highest (66.84 mg GAE/g and 18.62% DM) at flower-budding stage, whereas the lowest (39.63 mg GAE/g and 2.26% DM) was observed at pod initiation stage, respectively. No significant (P0.05) effect on TP and TF contents were observed. Under microplot conditions, the highest (58.02 mg GAE/g) AA was observed during flower-budding stage and the lowest (–30.14 mg GAE/g) was observed at physiological maturity. In contrast, the accumulation of TP and TF was the highest (20.23 mg GAE/g and 8.11 mg QE/g) during flower-budding stage, whereas the lowest (3.18 mg GAE/g and 0.93 mg QE/g) was observed at pod initiation stage. However, no significant (P0.05) effect was observed on PAs. In conclusion, the phytochemicals evaluated in C. gynandra similarly had the highest accumulation at the flower budding stage under greenhouse and open field microplot conditions, however, they started declining at pod initiation stage towards physiological maturity.
27. Suhaeni*, Yeni Sari Wulandari, Yuyun Umaidah and Yayan Sumekar** [Supply chain risk identification for improving sustainability of straw mushroom in Karawang Regency, Indonesia]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 666-675 (2022). 1Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang, Indonesia (e-mail : *suhaeni@faperta.unsika.ac.id ; **yayan.sumekar@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Straw mushroom turns out to be the leading commodities in Karawang Regency in Indonesia. This district has been called as the highest production district/city in West Java besides West Bandung, Bogor, Subang and Cianjur. The demand for straw mushrooms is always increasing every year. However, still, there are some risks in mushroom supply chain. This study aims at identifying the actors involved and recognizing the types of risks in the straw mushroom supply chain. The respondents used in this study are experts consisting of government representatives, academic representatives, and practitioners involved in the mushroom supply chain. The research method used is descriptive method with survey research techniques. The data used are primary and secondary data. The sample was determined by purposive sampling with consideration of expertise. The analytical method used is Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model; it is used to identify the types of risks in the straw mushroom supply chain. The results demonstrated that there were five actors involved in the six supply chain channel patterns covering farmers, dealers, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. The AHP model indicates that production risk (16.3%) is the major risk and needs more attention, and then followed by price risk (14.4%), quality risk (12.3%), capital risk (10.3%) and market risk (10.1%).
28. Sabbour M. M. and Abd El-Aziz S. E.* [Bio-insecticidal and seed protectant effects of four essential oils against Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis during storage]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 676-681 (2022). Pests and Plant Protection Department Agriculture and Biological Research Institute National Research Centre, 33rd El-Behouse St. (El-Tahrir St.) Dokki, Giza, P.O. Box 12622, Egypt *(e-mail : shadia.abdelaziz77@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
In many Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, many essential oils were recommended to protect plants from insect’s infestations and have few effects on non-target organisms and the environment. Four essential oils (EOs): Ocimum basilicum, Peganum harmala, Anethum graveolens and Lavandula angustifolia were evaluated against two of the most important stored product insect pests, Callosobruchus maculatuc and C. chinensis infesting cowpea seeds during storage. The tested essential oils were obtained by steam distillation methods of dried plants. Effect of Contact toxicity, insecticidal of lethal concentrations, Oviposition deterrent activity, effect on germination and weight loss of seeds of tested oils were experimented on tested insects. The highest conc. 1% achieved (93, 80 and 77%) in the case of O. basilicum, P. harmala, A. graveolens, respectively in the case of C. maculatus. While in C. chinensis 1% conc. achieved, 90, 72 and 67% in the case of O. basilicum, A. graveolens and P. harmala, respectively. The LC50 of tested oils showed that the LC50 of O. basilicum was significantly decreased 4-fold more than lavender oil and O. basilicum is the best oil against C. maculatus and C. chinensis. Cowpea seeds treated with O. basilicum at high rate (1%) showed maximum prevention in oviposition i.e., 99% followed by A. graveolens causing (63 and 55%) prevention in the oviposition of C. maculatus and C. chinensis, respectively. Least weight loss was observed in O. basilicum and A. graveolens in the case of C. maculatus (4.44±0.47 and 8.13 ± 0.32) and C. chinensis (3.14±0.33 and 6.17 ± 0.12), respectively. O. basilicum treatment achieved the highest Feeding Deterrent Index (FDI) of 92.99 and 89.88% in the case of C. chinensis and C. maculatus, respectively. Least (FDI) was recorded in case of L. angustifolia (36.72 and 32.46%) in the case of C. chinensis and C. maculatus, respectively. Our results confirmed that O. basilicum essential oil had an obvious role in suppressing the activity of the tested insects. O. basilicum essential oil can be used in an integrated pest management program as green pesticide and can be effective alternative for chemical pesticides.
29. Amith G.*, Geethalakshmi. V., Dheebakaran Ga., Karthikeyan G. and Balajikannan [Influence of weather variables on the incidence and development of rice leaf blast (Magnaporthe oryzae)]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 682-688 (2022). Agro Climate Research Centre Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore-641003, Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail : amithnaik055@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Rice is the second largest grown cereal crop in the world and the most consumed main staple meal. The devastating nature of rice blast disease has resulted in large annual losses. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted at Paddy Breeding Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, during Rabi seasons of 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21, and 2021-22, with the objective to investigate the possible role of weather variables on rice leaf blast. Research analysis performed through correlation and decision tree analysis was carried under R studio to study the relation between weather parameters and percent disease index (PDI) of leaf blast. The results revealed that, morning dew point temperature (X4, r = 0.69** and 0.67**) and minimum temperature (X2, r = 0.68** and 0.65**) had higher negative correlation both in real time and in one week lead time (LT1W) respectively. Further, the decision tree analysis showed the combination of rainfall of 5.9 mm and minimum temperature < 22.6 ºC helped achieve disease incidence of > 80 per cent. Thus, the occurrence and development of leaf blast are significantly influenced by the minimum temperature and dew point temperature with drizzling rainfall, and these weather variables can be employed for weather-based disease forewarning against rice leaf blast.
30. D. SANDHYA DEEPIKA, G. NARENDRA BABU* AND S. RAVIKIRAN [Epidemiology studies of stem rot of groundnut caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc in Andhra Pradesh]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 689-694 (2022). Department of Botany, Andhra University Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh-530003, India *(e-mail : naren.guvvala@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Stem rot in groundnut is one of the major diseases significantly affecting the crop yields leading to 10 to 25 per cent yield loss annually. Favourable weather parameters influence development and spread of the disease and the present study was conducted to quantify their role in disease development. Study conducted at Banavasi village of Yemmiganur in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh during rabi 2020 and 2021 to know the influence of weather parameters on stem rot disease progression and the relation between leaf spot and stem rot disease development using correlation and regression analysis. A positive correlation of the stem rot with weather parameters like T max, Rainfall, Relative Humidity in rabi, 2020, Relative humidity during rabi, 2021 and negative correlation with Tmin and Wind speed in rabi, 2020, and Tmax, Tmin and rainfall in rabi, 2021 was observed. A regression analysis of the data inferred that the weather parameters as a whole contribute about 66.00% and 60.00% to disease incidence in rabi 2020 and 2021 respectively, of these Tmax (62.37%) and Rainfall (26.12%) in rabi 2020 and Tmin and rainfall during rabi, 2021. Highest stem rot incidence was recorded in 4th standard week (22nd to 28th January) with a per cent disease incidence of 6.78 during rabi, 2020 and in 52nd standard week (24th to 31st December) with a percent disease incidence of 3.6 during rabi, 2021. Initiation of leaf spot has started early i.e., 48th standard week during rabi, 2020 and 49th standard week during rabi, 2021. A non-significant positive correlation between the stem rot and leaf spot in both the years reveal that the diseases developed were solely due to influence of weather parameters on the individual disease and both the diseases are not interrelated or interdependent in causing the other.
31. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Molecular characters of Boleodorus thylactus (Nematoda) associated with avocado (Persea americana) using ITS rDNA from regions of South Africa]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 695-698 (2022). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Plant-parasitic nematodes are the main challenge for fruit production in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Besides, the family Tylenchidae are ectoparasite, affecting the yield in a high population. Boleodorus species are not being reported from avocado in South Africa; therefore, its identification is vital to avocado farmers. Hence, molecular study for its accurate identification is needed. This molecular study was conducted in 2022 at the University of Limpopo to identify the nematodes from South African soil associated with crops and trees. First, the recovered nematode was extracted using the tray method, and then its DNA was extracted using the chelex method. Afterward, ITS rDNA was amplified using specific primers to identify the nematode. The Nblast analysis based on the ITS rDNA showed 100% similarity with a population of Boleodorus thylactus (MZ099822, MZ099823) from Canada. In addition, phylogenetic analysis using the maximum likelihood method as implemented in mega x software was done. The phylogenetic analysis put the South African populations of B. thylactus together with other B. thylactus with a 100-bootstrap value. In conclusion, this species’ diversity needs to be investigated to determine the impact of this nematode on the avocado yield.
32. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Molecular characters of a bark beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus associated with avocado using 28S rDNA from regions of South Africa]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 699-702 (2022). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
South Africa is a significant producer and exporter of avocados in the world. Xylosandrus crassiusculushas was found on mainland Africa for many years but the present study represents the first record of bark beetle in South Africa in Limpopo Province. Its presence infesting important agronomic tree crops such as avocado suggests that it requires further study. Therefore, this molecular study was conducted in 2022 at the University of Limpopo to identify the bark beetle in the South African avocado orchard. The recovered bark beetle was isolated from the bark of avocado in Magoebaskloof region in Limpopo Province. Then its DNA was extracted using the Chelex method, and the phylogenetic position of the beetle was studied using 28S rDNA. The Nblast analysis based on the large subunit ribosomal DNA showed 99% similarity with a population of Xylosandrus crassiusculus from South Africa (MT229960), USA (GU808593), and Taiwan (MT120970). In addition, phylogenetic analysis using the maximum likelihood method as implemented in mega x software was done. The phylogenetic analysis put the South African populations of X. crassiusculus together with other X. crassiusculus with a 100-bootstrap value. In conclusion, the results showed that 28S could detect the X. crassiusculus, and was verified by the molecular method.
33. Happy Bango, Maboko S. Mphosi* and Kagiso G. Shadung [Optimizing NPK fertilizer requirements for Jatropha zeyheri tea under greenhouse conditions]. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 703-709 (2022). 1Limpopo Agro-Food Technology Station University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : maboko.mphosi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Jatropha zeyheri is an indigenous crop to South Africa, which contains tea brewing and medicinal properties commonly utilized by local communities in rural areas of South Africa. Domestication and commercialization of indigenous herbal teas have gained popularity in recent years however, domestication of J. zeyheri will require optimum NPK fertilizer mixture to improve the yield and quality. Therefore, the study was intended to determine whether different fertilizer application rates will optimize yield parameters of J. zeyheri tea under greenhouse conditions. At two-leaf stage, J. zeyheri seedlings were transplanted into 25 cm diameter plastic pots. Each pot was filled with heated-pasteurised sandy soil and Hygromix at 3:1 (v/v) ratio and placed in a spacing of 0.30 m × 0.30 m inter-and intra-row spacing. Six treatments constituting NPK fertilizer rates (0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 g) were arranged in a randomized complete block design, with five replications. Treatments were initiated a week after transplanting, and 130 days after that, treatments had highly significant effects on chlorophyll content, leaf width and dry root mass, contributing 70, 78 and 62% in total treatment variation (TTV), respectively. In contrast, vine length, stem diameter and leaf length were significant, contributing 47, 60 and 49% in TTV, respectively. However, treatments had no significant effects on normalized difference vegetation index, number of leaves and dry shoot mass. Jatropha zeyheri plant variables exhibited positive quadratic relations with increasing fertilizer levels. Fertilizer requirements for J. zeyheri were optimized at 3.34 g fertilizer/plant, which translates to 33 kg NPK fertilizer/ha for 10 000 plants of J. zeyheri. In conclusion, J. zeyheri appears to qualify as a low-input tea crop.
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