Volume 25, No. 1 (March, 2024)
1. Mukti Ram Poudel*, HEMA KUMARI POUDEL and Radhakrishna Bhandari [Impact of terminal heat stress on performance of Nepalese wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 1-11 (2024). Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS) Tribhuvan University, Paklihawa Campus, Nepal *(e-mail: muktipoudel8@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Heat stress has been a major abiotic stress that has been a key factor for poor production and the productivity of wheat. To understand the impact of heat stress and to evaluate the performance and stability of elite wheat genotypes under irrigated and heat stress environment, a field experiment was conducted under Alpha lattice design at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal from 2019-2023 comprising 20 elite wheat genotypes collected from Nepal Agriculture Research Council. The combined analysis of variance showed, heat stress had the significant impact on all the traits evaluated with a 29% yield reduction under heat stress condition as compared to irrigated. NL 1368 (21.5%) and NL 1386 (41.4%) had the least and highest yield reduction under heat stress environment as compared to irrigated. BL 4919 was the highest yielding wheat genotype under both irrigated (4287.9 kg/ha) and heat stress environment (2905.4 kg/ha). WWW model revealed, NL 1387 was the most stable wheat genotypes while BL 4919 and NL 1350 were the most adaptable genotypes under irrigated and heat stress environment. Hence, these selected adaptive and stable genotypes should be promoted in the wheat improvement program as a parent material for heat stress breeding.
2. Oleg S. Alexandrov*, Pavel Yu. Kroupin, Gennady I. Karlov and Mikhail G. Divashuk [The improvement of the CAPS-marker for St, J and V subgenome identification in Triticeae tribe plants using the 5S non-transcribed spacer polymorphism]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 12-19 (2024). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia *(e-mail: olegsandrov@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
In the Triticeae tribe, several subgenomes (St, J, V and others) were described, and a subgenome-specific molecular marker development is an actual branch of studies. Non-transcribed spacers (NTS) of 5S rDNA are perspective to create species-specific or genome-specific molecular markers in closely related organisms. Early, the 5S rDNA NTS based CAPS marker (StJV-f/StJV-r primers with the SmiM1 enzyme digestion) was designed for identification of the St, J and V subgenomes. The V subgenome amplicons were differed from the St and J amplicons in length. The St amplicons were distinguishable from the J amplicons after the SmiM1 enzyme digestion (St fragments were digested, J fragments were not digested, which is a disadvantage, because a failure with the digestion of St amplicons can be mistaken for J amplicons). This article presents the results of the StJV marker improvement. Comparative analysis of restriction enzyme maps revealed that the Hpy166 II enzyme cuts the StJV amplicons of all studied subgenomes in such a way that different product patterns are obtained. Experimental testing confirmed this finding. Thus, the improved CAPS marker can serve as a promising tool for verifying samples in Triticeae plant collections, screening herbarium materials, as well as in the breeding process aimed at improving wheat by involving its wild relatives in traditional breeding programs efficiently.
3. A. W. Irwan*, T. Nurmala, Ruminta, Denny Kurniadie** and A. Yuniarti [Exploring the relationship between seed weight and seed coat characteristics in the adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) cultivar WATANI-2 through N, P and K treatment compositions]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 20-24 (2024). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, 45363, Indonesia (e-mail: *a.wawan.irwan@unpad.ac.id; **denny.kurniadie@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Adlay plant (Coix lacryma-jobi) grown in many Asian countries, as a source of carbohydrates. The cultivation of adlay faces challenges such as long growth periods, low yields, and hard seeds. Efforts to enhance productivity are crucial, specifically by applying Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium fertilizers at the appropriate and balanced doses that have not yet been established. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between seed weight and seed coat characteristics under optimal N, P, and K fertilizer doses. The exploration process was conducted at the Research Station and Plant Production Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, from April 2019 to November 2020. Features of the location included an altitude of 750 – 800 m above sea level, a climate type C3 (Oldeman), an average temperature of 23.8oC, and a soil classified as Inceptisols with a pH of 5.83. The experimental design incorporated several treatments at minimum, optimum, and maximum dosage levels, namely N (90kg/ha, 180 kg/ha, and 270 kg/ha), P (37.5kg/ha, 75 kg/ha, and 150 kg/ha), and K (60 kg/ha, 120 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha) fertilizers, each was repeated twice. Fertilizer application was administered at the beginning of growth and the late vegetative phase, while P was given during the late vegetative phase and before seed formation. Subsequently, a regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship of the weight of 100 seeds with thickness and hardness, generating the equation: Y = 13.755 + 0.061 X1 + 0.012 X2, where X1 = seed hardness and X2 = seed coat thickness. Observations were carried out on the weight, thickness, and hardness of adlay seeds, both macroscopically by measuring length and width or diameter and microscopically through the evaluation of coat and silica layer thickness). The results showed a significant relationship between seed weight, thickness, and hardness, yielding 5.56 t/ha with an 80% land efficiency.
4. SOMYA SAID AHMED, HODA KAMAL SOUSSA, NAGY ALI ALI HASSAN, ABDELRAOUF R. E.* AND RAGAB R. [Improving irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) production with saline agricultural drainage water using drip irrigation system and organic mulches: Field study and simulation modelling]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 25-32 (2024). Water Relation and Field Irrigation Dept., Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre 33 El-Bohouth St., (formerly El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt Post Code 12311 *(e-mail: abdelrouf2000@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Due to the scarcity of fresh water in dry areas, including Egypt, emphasis has been placed on the importance of studying non-traditional water sources as an alternative source of irrigation. Therefore, this research aimed at investigating the impact of saline agricultural drainage water, drip irrigation and organic mulching using rice straw on maize water productivity under Egypt’s arid condition. The field experiment included sixteen treatments during two seasons, 2022 and 2023. Irrigation systems were [Furrow irrigation system (FIS) and drip irrigation system (DIS)] while saline agricultural drainage water strategies were [FW (0.55 dS/m), SW1 (1.35 dS/m), SW2 (3 dS/m) and SW3 (5 dS/m)] represented as sub main plot and organic mulching using rice straw (OMRS) was also investigated. The highest MY values were achieved with DIS with FW and also with irrigation with salty agricultural drainage water, with the necessity of using organic mulches of rice straw. The highest MY values were achieved as a result of achieving the best water-salt balance within the root propagation zone. The highest values were 10.89 t/ha with FW and there were no significant differences between them and the values of 10.83 t/ha when irrigated with saline agricultural drainage water for 2022 and similar results were achieved during the 2023 season. Based on the above, SW1 can be used directly without mixing with FW1 if the ability of the grown plant to tolerate the level of salinity concentration, with the necessity of using organic mulches. The SALTMED model simulated reasonably well the soil moisture and soil salinity as well as maize yield and for all treatments, with R2 of 0.87, 0.98 and 0.96, respectively.
5. Aruna Olasekan Adekiya*, Olufunmilayo Titilayo Ande, Samuel Olatunde Dahunsi, Joshua Ogunwole and Ayibanoa Lekoo Ibaba [Impact of bio-digestate and fertilization on the soil chemical properties, growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.)]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 33-42 (2024). Agriculture Programme, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria *(e-mail: adekiya2009@yahoo.com; aruna.adekiya@bowen.edu.ng)
ABSTRACT
Recognizing the significance of maize cultivation, it is imperative to determine the appropriate levels of NPK fertilizer along with the supplementary inclusion of bio-digestate (an organic fertilizer), to achieve optimal soil chemical properties and crop yields. Hence, a field study was conducted in 2022 at the Teaching and Research Farm of Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria. The study evaluated the effects of bio-digestate fertilizer (D), applied alone and integrated with urea (N), single superphosphate (P) and muriate of potash fertilizers (K) at low (N1K1P1) and high (N2P2K2) rates on soil chemical properties, growth, and yield of maize (Zea mays (L.). The treatments consisted of application of: D at 2500 L/ha alone, D + N1 P1 K1, D + N1 P1 K2, D + N1 P2 K1, D + N1 P2 K2, D + N2 P1 K1, D + N2 P1 K2, D + N2 P2 K1, D + N2 P2 K2, Control. N1 = 60 kg N/ha, N2 = 120 kg N/ha, P1 = 30 kg P2O5/ha, P2 = 60 kg P2O5/ha, K1 = 30 kg K/ha, K2 = 60 kg K/ha. The 10 treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Results showed that bio-digestate (D) fertilizer applied alone or integrated with NPK fertilizers improved soil chemical properties, growth, and yield of maize compared with the control. High rate of fertilizer DN2P2K2 increased soil chemical properties and growth parameters of maize relative to low rates DN1P1K1 whereas a higher yield was recorded at a low rate DN1P1K1 relative to a high rate of fertilizer DN2P2K2. Overall, the treatment DN1P1K1 demonstrated the highest grain yield. D alone increased shelled maize yield by 187.9 % relative to no application of any amendment (control), also integrating D with N1P1K1 (DN1P1K1) increased maize yield by 97.2% relative to D alone. Bio-digestate can be used for maize cultivation in lonely soil especially when integrated with NPK fertilizer. Therefore, to avoid waste of fertilizer due to cost and negative environmental effects of excessive fertilization, the lower rate of NPK fertilizer: N (60 kg N/ha), P (30 kg P2O5/ha), and K (30 kg K/ha) with 2500 L/ha of bio-digestate (DN1P1K1) is recommended for sustainable maize production.
6. Mohammed Bustan Hanoon*, Mohammed Saeed Haran, Ahmed. S. K., Duraid K. AL-Taey, Ali Hussein Jasim and Marwa Fadhil Alsaffar [Response of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) to plant growth hormones produced by Aspergillus sp.]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 43-48 (2024). Department of Tissue Culture Technologies, Shatrah Technical College Southern Technical University, Basra, Iraq *(e-mail: mohammed.harran@stu.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
In this study, 10 isolates of Aspergillus fungus were isolated from the soil of the rhizosphere and roots of rice, sorghum and barley plants that were cultivated in the areas of Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq. The types of isolates were identified by studying their biochemical, morphological, and microscopic characteristics. The results showed that all isolates belong to the genus Aspergillus. The study also estimated the quantity of growth hormones produced by the studied isolates. The study found that 5 isolates, labeled as P1, P2, P5, P7 and P9, had a high efficiency in secreting growth hormones. To determine the effect of growth hormones of Aspergillus fungus on plant growth, a potted experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The bio-inoculation increased the plant height, dry weight of the vegetative/root parts and root length by 34.15%, 45.77% and 34.97%, respectively compared to control treatment. Likewise, the percentage of nitrogen in bio-inoculated sorghum leaves, vegetative roots and root parts increased by 26.39%, 29.56% and 33.15%, respectively compared to the control treatment where no inoculation was done.
7. R. CHINTEY*, R. K. GOSWAMI, B. BHARALI, R. DAS, R. K. THAKURIA, R. P. PASWAN AND P. K. DEBCHOUDHURY [Genotypic variations of phenological and growth parameters in rapeseed (Brassica rapa, var. Toria)]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 49-56 (2024). 1Department of Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India *(e-mail: rajesh95chintey@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Rapeseed is a short duration, self-pollinated and long day crop. It is an important and widely used oil seed crops among the people of Assam and North-East India. However, there is still lack of sufficient rapeseed genotypes for the local farmers. Only a few improved genotypes are recommended in the region. To increase production and productivity, more numbers of improved genotypes have to be identified. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at the Instructional-cum-Research (ICR) Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, during rabi 2021-22 and 2022-23 to study the genotypic variations of phenological and growth parameters in rapeseed genotypes. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications comprising of 22 different genotypes of rapeseed including TS-38 (Check), TS-46, TS-67, TS-36, TS-29, TS-75-1, TS-75-1TL, TS-75-2ME, TS-75-2-MM, TS-76-1, TS-76-2, JT-90-1, Panchali, Bhawani, CG Toria-4, TKM-20-1, TKM-20-2, JT-14-5, PT-2018-09, CG Toria-3, Tapeshwari and PT-303. The crops were grown following the recommended package of practice. All the phenological and growth parameters were taken following the standard methodologies. The result of the experiment indicated significant difference in reaching phenological and growth parameters among the genotypes. The genotype JT-14-5 and TKM-20-2 took the longest duration for 50% flowering and siliqua initiation. However, JT-14-5 and JT-90-1 took the longest duration for physiological maturity. On the other hand, TS-67 and TS-75-1TL took the shortest duration for physiological maturity. The genotype TS-75-2ME showed highest dry weight followed by the genotype TS-38 at harvest. There was gradual increase in Absolute Growth Rate and Crop Growth Rate with the advancement of growth. However, in case of Relative Growth Rate, a decline was noticed in the values from 30-60 DAS to 60 DAS-harvest. The genotype TS-75-2ME and TS-38 were recorded highest yield and highest Crop Growth Rate during 30-60 DAS indicating that the parameter at that particular stage of growth, has positive impact on seed yield.
8. Kamal*, A. K. Dhaka, Bhagat Singh, Ekta Kamboj, Preeti and Amit Sharma [Effect of phosphorus and sulphur levels on biomass partitioning in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 57-64 (2024). Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture C. C. S. Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, Haryana, India *(e-mail: kamalkhroad@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Groundnut is an important oilseed crop and belongs to the family Leguminosae. However, the productivity of groundnut in India is less as compared to average productivity of the world. The main cause of low groundnut production is an unbalanced and insufficient usage of nutrients. Because groundnut is a legume-oilseed crop, it has a high phosphorus, calcium, and Sulphur demand. Therefore, this field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2021 at crop physiology field lab, Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four phosphorus levels (Control, 40, 50, 60 kg P2O5/ha) in main plots and four Sulphur levels (Control, 25, 50, 75 kg S/ha) in sub-plots with three replications. Result revealed that application of 60 kg P2O5/ha resulted in significantly higher total plant biomass and its partitioning into different plant parts viz, leaves, stem, root and pod at different growth stages in groundnut followed by 50 kg P2O5/ha. Among Sulphur levels application of 75 kg S/ha record higher total biomass and its partitioning at all growth stages followed by 50 kg S/ha. So, to obtain a higher total biomass and its partitioning, the crop may be fertilized with phosphorus and sulphur levels of 50 kg/ha each.
9. SANTOSH D. T., SAGAR MAITRA* AND K. N. TIWARI [Enhancing banana production through effective fertigation frequency management and plastic mulch: Impacts on crop growth and yield]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 65-72 (2024). 1,3Agricultural and Food Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India *(e-mail: sagar.maitra@cutm.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
The use of plastic mulch, water-soluble fertilizers, and drip irrigation has grown in popularity recently for banana (Musa acuminata L.) farming. A field experiment was carried out at Kharagpur, West Bengal, India, to examine the impact of different fertigation intervals and plastic mulch on the response of the Grand Naine cultivar of banana. A randomized complete block design with four fertigation intervals both with and without plastic mulch was used in the study. Biometric characteristics including plant height, pseudo stem girth, leaf area, number of suckers, and crop duration were measured. The outcomes demonstrated the superiority of two-day fertigation interval and black plastic mulchtreatment by displaying higher plants height, a greater stem girth, more leaf area, the greatest number of suckers, and a shorter crop duration. For both the main crop and the ratoon crop, the maximum banana production was achieved with a fertigation interval of two days alongwith black plastic mulch (T1), yielding 66.3 t/ha and 52.2 t/ha, respectively. The yield obtained under the T1 treatment was statistically similar to the fertigation intervals of bi-weekly and weekly treatments for both main and ratoon crops. Fertigation intervals of bi-weekly and weekly treatments showed statistically similar values for pulp: peel ratio, TSS, and reducing sugar of banana fruit when compared to the fruit quality parameters of the T1 treatment. Consequently, using fertilizer interval advised at weekly for the banana. The results highlight the significance of systematic fertigation scheduling and mulching procedures, providing insightful information for effective banana growing practices.
10. T. D. PHUNG* [Irrigation benefits for rainfed cassava cultivation regions in Vietnam based on LINTUL-Cassava model]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 73-78 (2024). Faculty of Social Sciences Teacher Education Dong Thap University, Vietnam *(e-mail: phungthaiduongdhdt@gmail.com; ptduong@dthu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Globally, climate variability is expected to lead to an increase in temperature resulting in an increase in the water use requirement of various crops. The study was to evaluate the WUR of cassava crops across the rainfed cultivation regions (RCRs) of Phu Yen Province, Vietnam based on the LINTUL-Cassava model simulation under current condition and future climate of the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The LINTUL-Cassava model was assessed with low errors (d = 0.86, R2 = 0.87, RMSE less than 15.0% and NRSME less than 5.0). Results revealed that the water use requirement of spring and summer crops decreased by approximately 10.8-19.0% and 40.2-51.2% correspond to timescales of 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2099 of the RCP4.5 scenario while a significant uptrend up to 13.0% and 32.9% recorded for long term (2071-2099) of the RCP8.5 scenario. The study revealed that rainfed can be utilized effectively if the crop cultivation time (CCT) was fixed to adapt to the changed climate factors.
11. N. MATHEBULA, K. M. POFU AND P. W. MASHELA* [Host-status of sixteen crops used in potato-based crop rotation systems against Meloidogyne javanica in South Africa]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 79-85 (2024). University of Limpopo, Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, Republic of South Africa *(e-mail: phatu.mashela@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) are the most important group of plant nematodes in potato-producing regions of South Africa. Prior to the withdrawal of synthetic chemical fumigant nematicides from the agrochemical markets, Meloidogyne species were viewed as a minor pest in potato-producing regions. Currently, it has been established that all potato cultivars are host to Meloidogyne species, with the preferred management option of the genus being the use of resistant crops. However, the host status of most crops used in potato-based crop rotations intended to manage nematode population densities of the genus had not been established. Globally, M. incognita is viewed as being more aggressive than M. javanica, whereas in South Africa the opposite is true. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine whether the reproduction potential (RP) values of M. javanica on 16 crops used in potato crop rotation systems would be below unity. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions at the University of Limpopo during autumn (February-April) 2022 and validated in spring (September-November) of the same year in South Africa. Treatments (16 crops) were laid out in a randomized complete block design, with six replications. The crops were inoculated with 250 eggs + second-stage juveniles (J2). At 56 days after inoculation, nematodes variables were collected and expressed as RP, which demonstrated that there were similarities and differences in RP of the 16 crops to infection by M. javanica, but with the values being below one in white maluti oats, tillage radish, forage sorghum, and jap radish. In conclusion, the four crops with RP values below one could be used in a potato-crop rotation system intended to manage the population densities of M. javanica.
12. MOITSI L. R., K. G. SHADUNG* AND M. Y. MAILA [Effect of axillary bud number on stem cuttings of sweet potato cv. ‘Blesbok’ productivity using sack gardening technology]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 86-91 (2024). Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: kagiso.shadung@spu.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Increasing urbanisation and the rise in global food prices, which results in severe hunger and micronutrient deficiencies, necessitates the identification of innovative, but affordable vegetable growing-based strategies, that can increase access to food by utilising the limited space available in rural and urban areas. Therefore, sack gardening technology could be a solution to both the lack of arable land and water scarcity in urban and rural areas. The objective of the study was to determine whether axillary bud number will have an effect on the agronomic parameters of sweet potato cv. ‘Blesbok’ produced using the sack gardening technology. The number of axillary buds per stem cutting, namely, 1 (control), 2, 3, 4, and 5 buds, were arranged in RCBD, with 10 replicates. The number of axillary buds had significant effects on vine length (VL), fresh shoot mass (FSM), number of shoots (NOS) and dry shoot mass (DSM). However, no significant effects were observed on fresh tuberous root mass (FTRM), chlorophyll content (CC), stem diameter (ST), tuberous root diameter (TRL), tuberous root length (TRL), dry tuberous root mass (DTRM) and number of tuberous roots (NTR). Relative to the control VL, FSM and DRM was reduced by 8-37, 30-55 and 26-55%, in stem cuttings having 2, 3, 4 and 5 buds, respectively, whereas the NS was increased by 8-17%. The quadratic relationship models were explained by 95, 92, 96 and 98% in VL, NOS, FSM and DSM, respectively. In conclusion, stem cuttings containing 1 and 2 axillary buds showed better growth parameters when grown under sack gardening technology.
13. T. X. P. TRAN, D. K. TRAN AND D. H. TRAN* [Effect of vermicompost application on growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under organic cultivation]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 92-96 (2024). University of Agriculture and Forestry Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue City, Vietnam *(e-mail: tdanghoa@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is an important and commercial vegetable crop. Organic farming is increasingly popular in Vietnam. Vermicompost, an organic fertilizer processed from red earthworm and cow manure, has a positive effect on plant growth, yield and quality of plant, and improved the soil fertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vermicompost named BioGrow01 on the growth, yield, quality of lettuce plants and soil property under organic cultivation. A field experiment was conducted in the spring season from January to May 2022 at an organic farm at Huong An commune, Huong Tra town, Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam (N16047’2660”; E107052’6904”) with five application levels (e.g. 5, 8, 10, 12 and 15 tons per one hectare) of the vermicompost of BioGrow01. Growth parameters, yield components, yield of lettuce and soil property were investigated. The results showed that the vermicompost produced from cow manure and red worm had a positive effect on the growth and yield of lettuce. Application at the level of 12 and 15 t/ha was optimal levels produced highest yield of 20.3 and 22.7 t/ha, respectively. The soils decomposed with the vermicompost were increased organic matter and improved soil physical, chemical and biological properties. As results, farmers are recommended to use the vermicompost as an organic fertilizer for organic lettuce production.
14. TSEKE PONTSHO*, MULAUDZI CLEMENT, MAILA YVONNE AND MPHOSI MABOKO [Responses of different growing media ratios growth performance of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) under greenhouse conditions]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 97-103 (2024). 1Limpopo Agro-Food Technology Station, University of Limpopo Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: pontsho.tseke@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) vegetables are an important constituent of the diet of rural communities worldwide. It is a suitable substitute for several indigenous leafy vegetables, as it has more or less the same texture after cooking. Consequently, growers tend to grow spinach in any soil type or mixture available to them without modifying it, leading to reduced growth performance and yields. The use of animal manure is common in South Africa and helps to improve soil fertility when used in the correct ratio mixture. Therefore, the study’s objective was to investigate which of the growing media mixture (GMM) ratios of sand, Hutton soil, and goat manure would improve the growth and yield of S. oleracea under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with 10 replicates (n=60). Six treatments comprised of different types of GMM namely, sand, Hutton soil, and goat manure at T1 (1:3:0 -control), T2 (1:2:1), T3 (1:1:1), T4 (1:1:2), T5 (2:1:2) and T6 (2:3:2), respectively. Growing media mixture had significant (P 0.05) effect on plant height (PH), number of leaves (NL), chlorophyll content (CC) and root length (RL) of S. oleracea, contributing 78, 62, 76 and 54% of the total treatment variation (TTV) in the respective variables. Relative to the control (T1), treatment T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 increased PH by 22.75 cm, 24.03 cm, 27.92 cm, 22.84 cm and 24.35 cm, respectively. Similarly, the NL in all the treatments T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 was increased by 10.90, 11.70, 11.90, 11.70 and 11.60, respectively, compared to T1. A related trend was observed in the CC, treatments T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, increased the CC by 14.99, 15.08, 26.45, 21.38 and 15.83, respectively when compared to T1. The GMM treatment T4 obtained the highest 27.92, 11.9, 26.45 and 42.38 in PH, NL, CC and RL. In conclusion, GMM T4 had a positive effect on the growth and yield of S. oleraceae, and it is recommended for use to grow the vegetable crop.
15. SAGAR MAITRA, MASINA SAIRAM* AND D. T. SANTOSH [Evaluation of the growth, flower quality, yield and vase life of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) cultivars under open ventilated saw-tooth type polyhouse]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 104-109 (2024). 1Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-761 211, Odisha, India *(e-mail: sairam.masina@cutm.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
Cultivation of crops under protected conditions can enhance the yield and quality of agricultural produce. Gerbera is one of the high-value cut flowers which can be commercially cultivated under greenhouse conditions in tropical and subtropical regions. The choice of commercially viable cultivars is essential for obtaining its marketability. Moreover, cultivars of gerbera should be highly productive. Considering the above facts, the present study was conducted in 2020-2022 in the Protected Cultivation Unit of the Centurion University of Technology and Management where 10 cultivars were chosen as treatments. They were Intense, White house, Stanza, Dune, Dana-ellen, Artist, Sunway, Silvester, Pre-intenzz and Ankur. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The data collected on the growth parameters, quality, yield, and vase life revealed that among all the cultivars of gerbera, Dana-ellen showed its superiority over others in terms of plant height and number of leaves (49.3 cm and 31.0 at 120 days after sowing respectively), days to first flowering (84.3), flower stalk length (64.8 cm), flower stalk girth (67.2 cm), ray floret length (8.7 mm) and suckers per plant (3.4); however, it remained on par with Dune, Intense, and Silvester in expression of most of the crop parameters. Similarly, the same variety Dana-ellen registered the highest yields (27.3, 33.7 and 34.7 flowers per plant during first, second and third years of the study respectively) among all the cultivars. Moreover, the variety Dune recorded the maximum vase life of 8.4 days and 9.2 days with citric acid and sucrose solutions, respectively. The study concluded that the cultivation of Dana-ellen, Dune, Silvester, and Artist under open-ventilated saw-tooth polyhouse conditions can be commercially viable for achieving higher flower quality and yield.
16. Dedi Widayat**, Denny Kurniadie* and itha Naila Putri Permatasari1 [The effectiveness of isopropylamine glyphosate 486 g/L + metsulfuron methyl 1 g/L herbicidal combination in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis)]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 110-116 (2024). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture University of Padjadjaran, Indonesia (e-mail: *denny.kurniadie@unpad.ac.id; **dedi.widayat@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Lack of knowledge in weed control techniques in oil palm cultivation practices can lead to decreased productivity. One of the herbicides that can be used to control weeds in oil palm cultivation is a mixed herbicide made from isopropylamine glyphosate 486 g/L and methyl metsulfuron 1 g/L. The use of mixed herbicides with two or more active ingredients can broaden the spectrum of weed control, reduce herbicide residues, slow the emergence of herbicide-resistant weeds, and reduce production costs. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of mixed herbicides IPA glyphosate 486 g/L and methyl metsulfuron 1 g/L in controlling weeds in oil palm plants in the producing phase. This research was conducted at Bukit Nyomot oil palm plantation Subang Regency, Jawa Barat Province from February to May 2023. The experimental design used was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 6 treatments and each treatment was replicate 4 times. The treatments are consisted of the application of mixed herbicides IPA glyphosate 486 g/L and methyl metsulfuron 1 g/L at doses of 1 L/ha; 1.5 L/ha; 2 L/ha; 2.5 L/ha; manual weeding; and control (no treatment). The results shows that the mixed herbicide IPA glyphosate 486 g/L and methyl metsulfuron 1 g/L at a dose of 1 L/ha to 2.5 l/ha is effective in controlling weeds in oil palm, such as Paspalum conjugatum, Ottochloa nodosa, Asystasia intrusa, Ageratum conyzoides, Chromolaena odorata, other weeds, and total weeds up to 12 Weeks After Application (WAA).
17. N. Q. T. THAI, T. H. D. TRAN AND D. H. TRAN* [Impact of saline water irrigation on the growth and development of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) seedlings]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 117-121 (2024). University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue City, Vietnam *(e-mail: tdanghoa@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), a perennial fruit and oil crop, holds significant economic importance globally. Its inherent high salt tolerance has led to natural adaptation in coastal environmental areas. Nevertheless, the substantial and prolonged intrusion of salinity poses a severe threat to the growth and productivity of coconut in various regions of Vietnam. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine the effect of saline water on the growth and biomass of coconut seedlings named Dua Ta variety under green house condition. The experiment was carried out from July 2022 to July 2023 in a greenhouse condition at Research Institute for Oil and Oil Plants, Vietnam with five increasing levels of water salinity, or EC of 0.89, 6.25, 12.0, 18.25 and 24.5 dS/m. Various growth parameters and biomass of the coconut seedlings were investigated. The results showed that the salinity of irrigated water had a negative effect on the growth and biomass of coconut seeldings. Increasing salinity of irrigated water delined the plant height, collar girth, leaf number and biomass of the coconut seedlings. The seedling of Dua Ta coconut was classified as tolerant when irrigated with saline water of 6.25 dS/m, moderately sensitive with saline water of 12.0 dS/m up to 18.25 dS/m and sensitive with saline water of 24.5 dS/m. As result, it is showing evidence of ecological adaptation of the seedlings of Dua Ta to the maritime environment in which are commonly grown in Vietnam.
18. Santi Rosniawaty*, Farhan Putra Prasasta, Mira Ariyanti, Intan Ratna Dewi Anjarsari, Mochamad Arief Soleh, Syariful Mubarok and Rija Sudirja [Effect of crop pattern and types of manure on the growth of Sappan wood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) in Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 122-127 (2024). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia *(e-mail: santi.rosniawaty@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Sappan wood plants are one of the medicinal plants in Indonesia. Considering the potential of Sappan wood plants in the health and industrial sectors, special cultivation techniques are required to ensure that Sappan wood plants can grow with a large stem diameter. A large stem diameter can be achieved by using the appropriate planting distance. The right planting distance requires land with sufficient organic content. This research aims to determine the optimum planting distance and the appropriate type of organic material to produce Sappan wood plants with a large diameter. The experimental design used was a Split Plot Design, with planting distance (J) as the main plot and organic fertilizer (P) as the sub-plot. The planting distance factor levels were J1 = 1m x 1m, J2 = 2mx2m cm, J3 = 3m x3m. The organic fertilizer factor levels were P1 = Cow Manure Fertilizer, P2 = Chicken Manure Fertilizer, and P3 = Sheep Manure Fertilizer. The results showed an interaction between the planting distance treatment and the use of manure fertilizer on the parameters of stem diameter and soil pH of Sappan wood plants at 3 MAP (months after planting). The planting distance treatment independently influenced the results, with a 1m x 1m planting distance providing the best results for plant height and stem diameter. In general, the application of different types of manure did not significantly affect the growth of Sappan wood plants.
19. Agusalim Masulili*, Ismail Astar, Ida Ayu Suci and Paiman [Maximizing cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedling growth through liquid coconut shell smoke in Ultisols soil]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 128-134 (2024). Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Science, and Technology Panca Bhakti University, Jl. Kom Yos Sudarso, 78113 Pontianak, Indonesia *(e-mail: agusalim@upb.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
The crucial aspect of cocoa cultivation is ensuring the availability of seedlings with robust growth. Ultisols, a type of soil with potential for cocoa plant propagation, necessitate materials to enhance fertility when used as a growing medium. This includes the application of liquid smoke derived from coconut shells. To further study on this aspect this research aimed to determine the role of liquid coconut shell smoke on the growth of cocoa seedlings in Ultisols soil. The research was conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Panca Bhakti University, Pontianak, for 90 days from July to October 2023. The research used a complete randomized block design (CRBD) with four replications. The treatment concentrations of liquid coconut shell smoke (%) consisted of six levels: 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25%. Each replication consisted of three cocoa plant seedling samples, resulting in a total of 72 plants for the entire research unit. The observed parameters included plant height increase (cm), the increase in the number of leaves (leaves), and the increase in stem diameter (mm). The research results found a very significant influence on all observed parameters. The treatment of liquid coconut shell smoke at a concentration of 0.75% yielded the highest results in terms of seedling height increase (29.09 cm), the number of leaves (14.08 leaves), and stem diameter (9.87 mm) compared to the control. This research finding shows that a concentration of 0.75% liquid coconut shell smoke can maximize the growth of cocoa seedlings in Ultisols soil through soil fertility improvement.
20. UUM UMIYATI*, DENNY KURNIADIE AND RIZKA LUTHFIANI FAKHRIAH [Effectiveness of glyphosate potassium 660 g/L herbicide in controlling weeds at productive tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 135-144 (2024). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture University of Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia *(e-mail: uum.umiyati@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Tea ranks among Indonesia’s prominent export commodities, and international market competition necessitates the cultivation of tea plants with maximum efficiency to sustain production levels. An eminent challenge in preserving the productivity of tea plants is the pervasive growth of weeds, which engender competitive pressures on tea plants, consequently diminishing crop yields. This research was conducted during January to May, 2023 to test the effectiveness of Glyphosate Potassium 660 g/L herbicide in controlling various types of weeds in tea plantations. Glyphosate potassium herbicide works by inhibiting the 5-enolpiruvil-shikimat-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme which plays a role in the formation of aromatic amino acids in plants. The research was conducted at the PTPN VIII Rancabali tea plantation, Bandung Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. The experimental design used was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with seven treatments and four replications, resulting in 28 experimental plots. Treatments included the application of Glyphosate Potassium 660 g/L herbicide with doses of 0.75 L/ha, 1.125 L/ha, 1.5 L/ha, 1.875 L/ha, 2.25 L/ha, manual weeding, and control (without treatment). The results showed that the herbicide with Glyphosate Potassium 660 g/L active ingredient at doses ranging from 0.75 L/ha to 2.25 L/ha was effective to control broadleaf weeds such as Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Galinsoga parviflora, and Diodia sarmentosa, grassy weeds such as Setaria plicata and Axonopus compressus and other weeds (Drymaria cordata, Synedrella nodyflora, Erechtithes valerianifolia and Clidemia hirta) until the observation at 12 Weeks After Application (WAA) without causing phytotoxicity on the tea plants.
21. Happy Bango, Maboko S. Mphosi* and Kagiso G. Shadung [Impact of varied rates of NPK fertilizer on the microbial diversity of Jatropha zeyheri tea leaves under greenhouse conditions]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 145-150 (2024). Limpopo Agro-Food Technology Station, University of Limpopo Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: maboko.mphosi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Fertilization of Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) is an effective strategy for improving tea yield and quality. Even though, NPK fertilization enhances tea yield and quality, addressing soil deficiencies to boost growth, but also impacts soil microbes, influencing nutrient cycling and yield. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of different NPK fertilizer application rates on microbial composition of J. zeyheri tea under greenhouse conditions. Six treatments constituting NPK fertilizer rates (2:3:2 ratio) @ 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 g were arranged in a randomized complete block design, with five replications. 130 days after initiating treatments, leaves were harvested and oven-dried for 72 h at a temperature of 60°C. After laboratory preparations, microorganisms on tea leaves were determined by the principle most probable number using the Tempo reader (BioMerieux, Rodolphe, Durham, United States) instrument. Treatments had a highly significant effect (P 0.01) on Bacillus cereus contributing 39% in total treatment variation (TTV), whereas increasing NPK fertilizer rates had significant effects (P 0.05) on Enterobacteriaceae contributing 58% in TTV. Increasing rates of NPK fertilizer did not influence total coliforms contained in J. zeyheri tea leaf tissues. Bacillus cereus and Enterobacteriaceae over increasing NPK fertilizer rates exhibited positive quadratic relations, with density dependent growth pattern. Fertilizer requirements for Bacillus cereus and Enterobacteriaceae under greenhouse conditions were optimized at 1.75 g fertilizer/plant. In conclusion, Bacillus cereus and Enterobacteriaceae were affected by increasing NPK fertilizer rates.
22. ENDAH YULIA*, MEISA SITI MAESYAROH, DANAR DONO, LUCIANA DJAYA, TARKUS SUGANDA, FITRI WIDIANTINI AND CEPPY NASAHI [Biocontrol potential of rhizospheric fungi against Rigidoporus microporus, the causal agent of white root rot disease in tea plants]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 151-159 (2024). Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM-21 Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia *(e-mail: endah.yulia@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
White root rot disease (WRD), caused by Rigidoporus microporus, poses a serious threat to various tropical trees, resulting in substantial crop damage and even plant death. However, there is still a lack of information regarding WRD in tea plants. Due to soil-borne in nature, synthetic fungicide is not recommended to control WRD. Therefore, biocontrol using natural microorganisms found in the tea’s rhizosphere has been explored as a potential solution. This study aimed to identify rhizospheric fungi of tea plants with antagonistic properties that can be used as a biocontrol agent against R. microporus. The study involved a field survey and laboratory works had been conducted in a tea plantation at Rancabali, West Java and the Phytopathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran from March to October 2021. The disease incidence and severity were assessed in three blocks of land representing different topographic conditions of the plantation while antagonism tests were conducted using the completely randomized design and dual culture method. The results showed that the highest occurrence of WRD was in the central part of the hill with the disease incidence and severity of 70 and 50%, respectively. Thirteen fungal isolates were obtained from the rhizosphere of tea plants, all of which were found to inhibit the growth of R. microporus. These isolates belonged to the genera of Trichoderma, Gliocladium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Aureobasidium, Acremonium and Rhizopus. The considerable inhibition of R. microporus colony growth was performed by the isolates of Aureobasidium sp. (51.23%), Rhizopus sp. (50%), and Trichoderma sp. (43.96%). The results suggested that rhizospheric fungi of tea plants have the potential as biocontrol agents against R. microporus.
23. SURAJ KALA* [Effect of salt stress on relative membrane injury, lipid peroxidation content and reactive oxygen species content of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.) genotypes]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 160-164 (2024). Department of Botany Govt. College, Hisar-125004, Haryana, India *(e-mail: surajkala1986@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Under the uncongenial growth condition imposed by salts in the edaphic environment, several biochemical changes take place in plants, which help them to survive under such a hostile environment. In the present study, an attempt has been made to obtain basic information about the effect of salt stress on relative membrane injury, lipid peroxidation content and reactive oxygen species content in isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.) genotypes. The changes in relative membrane injury, lipid peroxidation content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content of P. ovata genotypes viz. GI-2, HI-96, PB-80 and HI-5 were studied under NaCl salt stress at different EC levels viz. control (without salt), 5 and 10 dS/m of nutrient supplemented NaCl salt solutions in sand filled polythene bags during 1st week of November 2022 in the Department of Botany Government College, Hisar. RMI, lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and ROS content of leaves increased with increasing EC levels in all the isabgol genotypes as studied at 58 days after showing. The highest increase in RMI was found in the genotype PB-80 and lowest in the genotype GI-2 at higher (10 dS/m) EC level over control. Increase in lipid peroxidation content which was measured in terms of MDA content was found highest in the genotype PB-80 while the lowest increase was detected in the genotype HI-5 at higher level (10 dS/m) of salt stress over control. Highest enhancement in ROS content of leaves in the genotype PB-80 and lowest increase in the genotype GI-2 was observed at higher (10 dS/m) EC level over control. The relative order of these parameters in various genotypes under salt stress was PB-80>HI-5>HI-96>GI-2.
24. Kyoung-Sun Seo and Kyeong Won Yun* [Assessment of in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Broussonetia × hanjiana M. Kim]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 165-171 (2024). Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry Jangheung 59338, Republic of Korea *(e-mail: ykw@scnu.ac.kr)
ABSTRACT
The fruit and bark of Broussonetia × hanjiana M. Kim (Kkujidaknamu, Korean paper mulberry) have been used as a resource for medicine and paper in Korea and Korean traditional paper (Hanji), made from extract of the B. × hanjiana bark, has been used to package dry foods. The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of B.× hanjiana extract. The antimicrobial activity of four fractions of ethanol extract of the plant collected in July was evaluated through disc diffusion and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) method against three Gram-positive strains, two Gram-negative strains, and one yeast. The ether and ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol extract from B. × hanjiana bark exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity with the lowest MIC value against the tested Gram-positive bacteria. The MIC of the hexane and ether fraction against Gram-negative bacteria was not detected in any sample extracts and the MIC was not observed against Saccharomyces cerevisiae in any fractions. The antioxidant activity of ethanol and hot water extract of the plant was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. The ethanol extract showed relatively higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity than the hot water extract, regardless of the samples. The results of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were not consistent with the results of antioxidant activity and it shows antioxidant activity is not only affected by the polyphenol content but also can occur by some other phytochemicals. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity was influenced by plant organ or extract solvent. These findings may confirm the potential of this plant as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent.
25. Mmakoma M. Letsoalo, Phatu W. Mashela and Ashwell R. Ndhlala* [Seed priming by cold scarification and Moringa-based bio-stimulant on the germination of Artemisia afra]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 172-180 (2024). University of Limpopo, Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: Ashwell.Ndhlala@ul.ac.za; ashwelln@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Artemisia afra is a frequently utilized medicinal plant in diverse cultural traditions for the management of various health conditions. Despite its natural habitat, limited efforts have been dedicated to its systematic cultivation, resulting in a paucity of documented information concerning its seed biology and germination characteristics. This study aimed to determine the effect of different temperatures, scarification, light conditions and priming with biostimulant on the seed germination of Artemisia afra. The seeds were exposed to different scarification methods including rubbing (sandpaper), hot and cold-water soaking, acid (H2SO4) and fermentation (EM) and compared with untreated seeds (control). Photoperiods included constant light, alternating light (16/8 hours) and continuous darkness at 15°C, 25°C and 35°C. Results revealed that 25°C temperature significantly improved germination while no germination was obtained at 15°C and 35°C. Hot and cold-water scarification resulted in improved germination. There was no germination observed for fermented seeds in all the experiments. In photoperiod, the highest germination percentage of 70% was observed under alternating light. Using Moringa based biostimulant under alternating light conditions at 25°C resulted in improved MGT. The information generated from this study will contribute to bridging the scientific gap by generating information on optimum requirements for propagating A. afra through seeds.
26. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Phylogenetic position of Pratylenchus sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) associated with grasslands using 28S rDNA from South Africa]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 181-184 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Plant-parasitic nematodes are the main nematodes that live in the soil, causing yield loss in various crops. As endoparasites, Pratylenchus species can reduce the yield of grass and other plants by feeding on their roots. Because of its parasitic nature on plants, this species requires careful identification; in South Africa’s Limpopo Province, grasslands are among the most vital agricultural resources. Therefore, this molecular study was conducted in 2023 at Limpopo University to identify the nematode from South Africa’s soils using 28S rDNA marker. The recovered nematode was extracted using the tray method, and then its DNA was extracted using the chelex method. The nematode was identified as Pratylenchus. Afterward, 28S rDNA was amplified using specific primers to identify the nematode at the molecular level. The Nblast analysis based on the large subunit ribosomal DNA showed South African Pratylenchus had 99% similarity (OQ343703) with the South African population. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as Pratylenchus in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species was identified using 28S rDNA; however, other rDNA markers, such as ITS rDNA and mtDNA is recommended for a better understanding of Pratylenchus phylogeny.
27. Mehrnoush Aminisarteshnizi* [Efficacy of moringa (Moringa oleifera) formulations on suppression of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) and growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 185-189 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Root-knot (Meloidogyne sp.) nematodes are among the most important causes of reduced tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) yield. Therefore, an investigation was conducted in 2022 at the Aquaculture Research Unit lab to evaluate the effectiveness of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract application in controlling root-knot nematode in tomatoes. During a survey of a tomato field, M. incognita was identified from the rhizosphere soil samples. Fresh leaf extracts of moringa, including positive control (fenamiphos 0.06), were investigated in vivo for efficacy against M. incognita in root and soil. Seedlings of tomato were inoculated with 3000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2s) of M. incognita in pot trials, with treatments comprising fresh leaf extracts of moringa in a series of concentrations (40 ppm-80 ppm). Fifty-six days after inoculation, the phytonematicide had reduced eggs and J2s in soil by 65-90%, gall number by 45-87%, and gall index by 35-82%. The best treatment was moringa leaf extract (80 ppm), which was significantly different (P < 0.05) from moringa leaf extract at 60 ppm and 40 ppm (P < 0.05). However, fenamiphos had no significant difference (P > 0.05). The results showed moringa leaf extract (80 ppm) was the best treatment for controlling root-knot nematode in tomatoes.
28. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Molecular characters of Pseudomonas cichorii using 16S rDNA isolated from spinach, Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 190-193 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Pseudomonas is a genus of Gram-negative, Gammaproteobacteria, belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae. Pseudomonas cichorii is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that is pathogenic to plants. It has a wide host range and can have an important economic impact on lettuce, celery, and chrysanthemum crops. Pseudomonas cichorii can be a risky pathogenic bactererium in vegetables, including spinach, and therefore have an effect on the fresh production of spinach. This study was conducted to isolate and identify P. cichorii from a spinach field in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The molecular study was conducted in 2023 at Limpopo University to identify the bacterium from South Africa’s soils using 16S rDNA marker. The DNA was extracted using the Chelex method. The bacterium was identified as P. cichorii. The Nblast analysis showed South African P. cichorii had 99% similarity with a population from South Africa (FJ477103). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as P. cichorii in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. The species was identified using 16S rDNA however, the use of other DNA markers can be evaluated for a better understanding of P. cichorii phylogeny.
29. Gavin Geldenhuys* [Molecular study of Serratia marcescens, a bacterium associated with roots of maize (Zea mays L.), using 16S rDNA in Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 194-197 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : gavin.geldenhuys@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Maize the most important grain crop in South Africa produced under diverse environments is prone to dangerous pathogenic bacteria which needs better control and management. One of the bacteria that can affect maize yield is Serratia a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile bacterium. Colonies on (aerobic) nutrient agar plates are circular and have a dark red to pink colour. This study isolated and identified Serratia bacterium from maize fields in Limpopo, South Africa. The molecular study was done in 2022 at the Aquaculture Research Unit, University of Limpopo. To identify the bacterium associated with maize, for extraction DNA Chelex method was used then 16S rDNA marker was used. The bacterium was identified as S. marcescens. The Nblast analysis showed South African S. marcescens had 97% similarity with a population from Brazil (MH127785), and South Korea (MN082049). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as S. marcescens in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species is identified using 16S rDNA properly. However, using other DNA markers to understand S. marcescens phylogeny better is recommended.
30. Gavin Geldenhuys* [Molecular study of Enterobacter associated with roots of maize (Zea mays L.) using 16S rDNA in Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 198-201 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: gavin.geldenhuys@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
One of the most significant grain crops in South Africa, white maize, is grown all throughout the country in a wide variety of climates and soil types due to its high economic value. White maize cultivation is expanding at a staggering rate, for which accurate identification of root-associated bacteria is necessary. Among the various bacterium affecting maize, Enterobacter species a gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacteria are dangerous pathogenic bacteria causing drastic reduction in yield if not properly identified and managed. Therefore, this study was conducted to isolate and identify Enterobacter from maize fields in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The molecular study was done in 2022 at the Aquaculture Research Unit, University of Limpopo. To identify the bacterium associated with maize, for extraction DNA, the Chelex method was used then 16S rDNA marker was used. The bacterium was identified as Enterobacter. The Nblast analysis showed South African Enterobacter has 97% similarity with a population from Korea (KC355340). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as Enterobacter in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species is identified using 16S rDNA properly. However, other DNA markers are recommended to better understand Enterobacter phylogeny.
31. Gavin Geldenhuys* [Molecular characters of Pandoraea, a bacterium associated with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using 16S rDNA from Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Research on Crops 25 (1): 202-205 (2024). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : gavin.geldenhuys@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Tomato is one of the premier vegetables in the world and is widely cultivated for higher yield and economic importance; thus, the area under cultivation is increasing. Pandoraea species can be a risky pathogenic bacterium to tomato plants, impacting the yield. They are gram-negative, motile, and rod-shaped. In 2022, the University of Limpopo conducted a study to identify and name the Pandoraea bacterium found in a tomato field located in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Molecular methods were employed, and the Chelex approach was utilized to extract the 16S rDNA marker, enabling the identification of bacteria present in the soil of tomato fields in South Africa. After conducting tests using specific primers to amplify the 16S rDNA, we have identified the bacterium as Pandoraea. Our analysis indicates that the strain of Pandoraea found in South Africa shares a 90% similarity with a population from Belgium (LR536859). Furthermore, maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis indicates that this species is grouped with other Pandoraea species, with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. While the 16S rDNA method successfully identified this species, we recommend utilizing other DNA markers for a more comprehensive understanding of the Pandoraea phylogeny.
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