1. D. C. NGUYEN, T. L. NGUYEN*, T. H. NGUYEN AND D. T. NGUYEN [Effect of interactive nutrition of sulphur (S) and boron (B) on agronomic, physiological, and yield attributes of Cút glutinous rice (Oryza sativa var. glutinosa) in Quang Ngai]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 429-437 (2026). Quy Nhon University 170 An Duong Vuong St., Gia Lai, Vietnam *(e-mail: nguyenthanhliem@qnu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Low and unstable productivity of Cút glutinous rice in Quang Ngai is largely attributed to nutrient-deficient acidic soils and increasing heat stress during the reproductive stage. Identifying an optimum sulfur and boron nutrition strategy is therefore essential to improve grain yield, quality, and production sustainability. Based on this, the study was conducted over two consecutive Autumn–Winter paddy (2024-2025) in Nghia Giang commune, Quang Ngai province, Vietnam to evaluate the efficiency of combined sulphur (S) and boron (B) application on special Cút glutinous rice variety. A two-factor experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four S levels (0, 15, 30, and 45 kg S/ha) and four B levels (0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 kg B/ha) atop a basal fertilizer dose (5 tons manure + 90 N + 50 P2O5 + 60 K2O/ha), replicated three times. Analysis of 12 agro-biological indicators revealed that the S × B interaction decisively influenced rice yield. While vegetative growth and grain dimensions remained relatively stable, yield components (panicle number, grain filling rate) and physiological parameters (CO2 absorption) responded strongly to fertilizer treatments. The treatment with 30 kg S/ha combined with 4.5 kg B/ha proved most superior, maximizing the filled grain rate (88.8-92.7%) and actual yield (4.33-4.52 t/ha), which was 20-30% higher than the control. These results confirm the synergistic role of S and B in improving photosynthetic efficiency and pollination, providing a scientific basis for sustainable intensive cultivation of Cút glutinous rice variety.
2. K. C. Nguyen AND V. T. Nguyen* [Resistance of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) to Butachlor in direct-seeded rice in Hue city, Vietnam]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 438-444 (2026). School of Agriculture and Forestry Hue University, Hue City 530000, Vietnam *(e-mail: nvtruong@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Barnyardgrass is a significant threat to rice production, causing substantial yield losses and evolving resistance to multiple herbicides. However, the occurrence of Butachlor resistance in Central Vietnam remains poorly understood, highlighting the need for its assessment in Hue City rice fields. This study evaluated the resistance of Barnyardgrass populations to Butachlor in Kim Tra ward, Hue City (16°302 353 N, 107°312 563 E; elevation: 0 m) during the 2024–2025, where Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) had been consistently observed surviving after herbicide application. A single-factor experiment was conducted with five treatments: a control (no herbicide application), and Butachlor applications at 0.5x, 1.0x (recommended dose of 0.3 kg a.i./ha), 1.5x, and 2.0x the recommended dose. Results indicated that Barnyardgrass in this region has begun to develop resistance to Butachlor. At the recommended dose, herbicide efficacy was only 38.9% at 14 days after treatment (DAT). While the 2.0x dose achieved 100% efficacy, Barnyardgrass survived and competed with rice at the recommended dose, leading to a 2.1% yield loss compared to weed-free conditions. In contrast, untreated plots suffered a 22.2% yield reduction. These findings suggest an urgent need for revised weed management strategies in Central Vietnam to mitigate the spread of herbicide resistance.
3. Prabhdeep Singh, Baljinder Singh, Kanik Kumar Bansal*, Sanjay Kumar, Nikhil chaudhary, Ishant and Devender Singh [Performance of furrow-irrigated raised beds and system of wheat intensification under deficit irrigation]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 445-449 (2026). Faculty of Agriculture, Guru Kashi University Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda-151 302 (Punjab), India *(e-mail: kanikbansal09@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Wheat production in the semi-arid regions of South Asia is increasingly challenged by declining water availability, erratic rainfall patterns, and inefficient conventional crop establishment methods. Sustainable production technologies that improve water-use efficiency and productivity are therefore essential for maintaining food security in the trans-Gangetic plains. The present investigation was conducted during the rabi season of 2024-25 and 2025-26 at Agronomy Research Farm, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab, India, to evaluate the performance of different sowing methods and irrigation regimes on growth, yield, and economics of wheat. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three sowing methods: Conventional Flat Sowing (M1), Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB; M2), and System of Wheat Intensification (SWI; M3), along with four irrigation schedules: I1 (CRI only), I2 (CRI + Tillering), I3 (CRI + Tillering + Booting), and I4 (CRI + Tillering + Booting + Grain Filling). Results revealed that FIRB significantly enhanced plant growth, tiller production, dry matter accumulation, and yield attributes over conventional sowing and SWI. The FIRB method recorded the highest grain yield (4,573 kg/ha), biological yield (11,382 kg/ha), and harvest index (40.2%). Among irrigation levels, I4 produced superior growth and maximum grain yield (4,726 kg/ha). The interaction of FIRB with irrigation at all four critical stages (I4M2) generated the highest net return (Rs. 63,856/ha) and benefit–cost ratio (1.20). The study concluded that FIRB combined with optimum irrigation scheduling is a productive and climate-resilient strategy for sustainable wheat cultivation under semi-arid conditions.
4. Sanjeev Kumar* and Ishwar Singh [Growth and yield performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties under integrated nutrient management]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 450-456 (2026). Faculty of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) Mullana, Ambala-133 207 (Haryana), India *(e-mail: skmandhad@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Wheat productivity is constrained by declining soil fertility and low nutrient-use efficiency resulting from the continuous dependence on chemical fertilizers. Integrated Nutrient Management, through the judicious integration of organic, inorganic, and biological nutrient sources, offers a sustainable approach to enhance crop growth, yield, soil health, and long-term productivity; however, its effectiveness in combination with nano-fertilizers requires further evaluation. Therefore, a field experiment was planned during the Rabi season of 2024-25 and 2025-26, at the research farm of Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana. The experiment was laid out in a two-factorial randomized block design with three replications. Factor A comprised two wheat varieties (WH 1270 and DBW 222), while Factor B consisted of eight nutrient management treatments involving RDF, vermicompost (2 t/ha), foliar nano urea (1250 mL/ha), foliar nano DAP (1250 mL/ha), and Azotobacter applied alone or in combination. The pooled data revealed that the variety DBW 222 showed significantly higher plant height (94.34 cm), number of tillers/meter row length (65.77), DMA/meter row length (224.82 g), LAI (5.56), spike length (9.84 cm), grains/spikes (48.31), effective tillers/m2 (300.80), test weight (40.27 g), grain yield (5042 kg/ha) and straw yield (6651 kg/ha) over variety WH 1270. Among various nutrient combinations, maximum plant height (104.65 cm), number of tillers/meter row length (70.51), DMA/meter row length (251.73 g), LAI (6.18), spike length (10.88 cm), grains/spikes (51.37), effective tillers/m2 (322.57), test weight (42.21 g), grain yield (5642 kg/ha) and straw yield (7439 kg/ha) was recorded with treatment T3 (100% RDF with vermicompost @ 2t/ha) which was found at par with T5 and T4. These treatments were found superior over T2, T6, T8 and T7. The least were found in T1.
5. ARSHDEEP SINGH, BALJINDER SINGH*, KANIK KUMAR BANSAL, LAKHWINDER SINGH, DINESH KUMAR, SHARMILA AND VIJAY SINGH [Optimisation of nitrogen split application in maize (Zea mays L.) for enhanced growth, fodder yield and quality]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 457-463 (2026). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda-151 302 (Punjab), India *(e-mail: Baljindersds@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important fodder crop valued for its high biomass yield, nutritive quality, and adaptability to diverse agro-climatic conditions, yet fodder availability in India remains inadequate. Inefficient nitrogen management further limits fodder yield and quality due to poor nitrogen use efficiency. Therefore, optimizing nitrogen levels and split application strategies is essential to enhance fodder maize productivity under semi-arid conditions. A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif seasons of 2024 and 2025 at the Research Farm of Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab, to evaluate the effect of nitrogen levels and split application schedules on fodder maize. The experiment comprised four nitrogen levels (60, 90, 120, and 150 kg N/ha) and three nitrogen application schedules: single basal application, two equal splits (50% basal + 50% at 30 DAS), and three equal splits (basal, 30 DAS, and 45 DAS), arranged in a Factorial Randomised Block Design with three replications. Pooled analysis of two years indicated that nitrogen levels and split applications significantly influenced growth, fodder yield, quality, and economics. Application of 150 kg N/ha recorded the highest plant height (198.0 cm at harvest), leaf area index (4.35 at harvest), dry matter accumulation (74.3 g/plant at harvest), green fodder yield (370 q/ha), dry fodder yield (81.4 q/ha), crude protein content (8.6%), gross return (Rs. 74,000/ha), net return (Rs. 52,500/ha), and benefit: cost ratio (3.44). Among nitrogen schedules, three equal split applications (1/3 basal + 1/3 at 30 DAS + 1/3 at 45 DAS) produced the highest plant height (190.8 cm), leaf area index (4.25), dry matter accumulation (72.2 g/plant), green fodder yield (348 q/ha), dry fodder yield (76.5 q/ha), crude protein content (8.05%), net return (Rs. 49,470 ha¹), and benefit: cost ratio (3.29). The study concluded that applying 150 kg N/ha in three equal splits is the most effective and profitable nitrogen management strategy for fodder maize under semi-arid Punjab conditions.
6. Harmanpreet SingH, Kanik Kumar Bansal, Sanjay Kumar, Baljinder Singh*, Dinesh Kumar, Jagdish Grover and Sharmila [Integrated nutrient management for enhancing productivity, nutrient uptake, soil fertility and economics of pearl millet under semi-arid Punjab conditions]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 464-469 (2026). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda-151 302 (Punjab), India *(e-mail: Baljindersds@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Pearl millet is an important climate-resilient cereal crop; however, its productivity remains below potential due to inefficient nitrogen management and widespread zinc deficiency, particularly in the light-textured soils of semi-arid Punjab. Therefore, there is a need to develop an integrated nitrogen and zinc management strategy to enhance nutrient-use efficiency, crop productivity, soil fertility, and economic returns. Based on this, a field experiment was conducted during kharif 2024 and 2025 at Guru Kashi University, Punjab, India, to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and zinc levels on growth, yield, nutrient uptake, soil fertility, and economics of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with ten treatments comprising different nitrogen levels (80, 100 and 120% recommended dose) applied alone and in combination with zinc at 8 and 10 kg/ha. Integrated application of the recommended nitrogen dose with 100% RDN + 10 kg Zn/ha significantly enhanced dry matter accumulation, effective tillers, grain and stover yield, nutrient uptake, and economic returns over the control. Soil pH, EC, and organic carbon remained unaffected, while available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc showed slight improvement. Higher nitrogen application beyond the recommended dose did not provide additional yield benefits, emphasizing the importance of balanced fertilization. The study indicates that 100% RDN + 10 kg Zn/ha is an effective, sustainable, and economically viable nutrient management strategy for pearl millet under semi-arid Punjab conditions.
7. Bhavana, Baljinder Singh, Kanik Kumar Bansal* and Dinesh Kumar [Optimizing nitrogen scheduling, plant geometry, and biofertilizer inoculation for enhanced productivity and soil health of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 470-477 (2026). Faculty of Agriculture, Guru Kashi University Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda-151 302 (Punjab), India *(e-mail: Kanikbansal09@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Pearl millet is a major cereal crop of the semi-arid regions; however, its productivity is constrained by low nitrogen-use efficiency, suboptimal plant geometry, and poor soil fertility. Therefore, optimising nitrogen scheduling, plant geometry, and biofertilizer inoculation is essential to enhance productivity, nutrient uptake, soil health, and profitability under semi-arid conditions. An experiment was conducted during the kharif seasons of 2023 and 2024 at Rohtak, Haryana, India, to evaluate the effect of nitrogen scheduling, plant geometry, and microbial inoculation on yield, nutrient uptake, soil health, and economics of pearl millet. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications comprising three nitrogen scheduling treatments, two plant geometries, and three microbial inoculation treatments. Results revealed that application of nitrogen in three splits significantly improved grain yield, grain nitrogen uptake, protein content, and post-harvest soil available nitrogen compared to a single basal application. Wider spacing of 60 × 15 cm recorded higher grain yield and net returns over closer spacing. Combined inoculation with Azospirillum + phosphate-solubilising bacteria + arbuscular mycorrhiza significantly enhanced microbial biomass carbon, nutrient uptake, and grain quality. The integrated treatment also produced the highest economic returns with a benefit:cost ratio.
8. FADIA FOUAD SALEH, SAJA JAWAD SHNAISHEL BADAY* AND ZEYAD A. ABDULHAMED [Impact of ethephon on physiological attributes chlorophyll content and yield of different sorghum cultivars]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 478-485 (2026). Department of Desertification Combat College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: saja.jawad2106p@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
Physiological performance Improving because of its effect on productivity in sorghum on using of plant growth regulators has gathered considerable attention in recent years, especially in developing field crop yields. Ethephon, which is considered an ethylene-releasing compound, has a vital role in regulating many important physiological processes which affect synthesis of chlorophyll, efficiency of photosynthetic, growth of plant, and yield development, finally leading to an increase of production. While genetic variations through sorghum varieties may result in different responses to the use of ethephon, depending on the amount and the genetic susceptibility of the varieties. According to above, an experiment in field was performed on spring (10 April) and autumn (14 July) seasons in 2025 in farms field on the left side of Euphrates River, at Anbar Governorate, Iraq, to study the effects of three ethephon concentrations (0, 150, and 300 mg/L) on the grain growth and yield of three sorghum varieties (Rabeh, Lilo, and Inqat). The experiment was set out in a randomized complete block design using three replications, and treatment means were also compared using the least significant difference test at the 5% probability level. Results revealed that, application of ethephon at 300 mg/L accelerated physiological maturity while improving chlorophyll content and grain yield in both seasons. The Inqath cultivar recorded the highest chlorophyll content, grains per head, and grain yield, with the Inqath×300 mg/L treatment producing the maximum grain yield. Principal component analysis revealed a strong association of grain yield with chlorophyll content and grains per head, indicating that 300 mg/L ethephon is the optimum concentration for enhancing sorghum productivity.
9. HENRY OFOSUHENE SINTIM*, MUSAH BUKARI, FELIX KWAA OWUSU AND LEVITE GHARTEY [Simulated damage through optimised growth stage coppicing enhances branching and yield in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 486-497 (2026). Institute of Applied Science and Technology University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana *(e-mail: hosintim@ug.edu.gh)
ABSTRACT
Despite significant progress in the development of improved sesame cultivars, seed yield remains limited due to restricted branching and reduced capsule production, indicating that genetic improvement alone is insufficient to achieve higher productivity. Therefore, there is a need to develop a simple, cost-effective, and scientifically validated agronomic intervention, such as growth stage-specific terminal coppicing, to optimise plant architecture and improve branching and seed yield in sesame. This study conducted at University of Ghana between April 2024 and August 2025 evaluated four plant coppicing regimes namely: no coppicing and coppicing at 7, 14, or 28 days after transplanting (DAT) to determine their impacts on vegetative development, reproductive traits, and yield of sesame based on field observations which suggested that sesame exhibits compensatory growth following insect defoliation. Coppicing at 7 DAT significantly (p d” 0.05) decreased plant height and leaf number, whereas intact plants produced the tallest plants and highest leaf counts. Coppicing at 14-28 DAT enhanced lateral branching, increasing branch number to approximately three per plant and raising the height of the first branch above ground level relative to the control and 7 DAT treatments. Although Flowering was highest in the control, coppicing at 28 DAT reduced flower number despite increased branching. Coppicing extended the podding zone and increased capsule production (40-45/plant) relative to the control (28/plant). The 14 DAT treatment produced the highest seeds per capsule (70-75), greatest 1000-seed weight (3.4-3.5 g), and highest seed yield (11-12 g/plant). Root dry matter was unaffected by treatment. Overall, coppicing at 14 DAT provided the optimum balance between vegetative growth and reproductive performance, resulting in superior sesame yield through enhanced branching, capsule production, and seed filling. These findings indicate that timely apical shoot removal can be an effective agronomic practice for increasing sesame productivity.
10. Gurdeep Singh*, Krishan Kumar Singh and Baljinder Singh [Influence of Integrated nutrient management on changes in yield, physical and biochemical quality of dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis)]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 498-507 (2026). Department of Horticulture, Guru Kashi University Talwandi Sabo-151302, Bathinda (Punjab), India *(e-mail: deep.mannu1@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Research Farm of Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab, during the years 2023-24 and 2024-25 to find out the best RDF combination for fruit yield and fruit quality enhancement of dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) variety ‘Siam red’. The experiment was conducted in the southwestern region of Punjab under a randomized block design with four replications. A total of fourteen treatments consisting of organic, inorganic, and bio-fertilizers were analyzed: T1- Control, T2- FYM (100% N), T3- Vermicompost (VC; 100% N), T4- RDF (100%), T5- Azospirillum, T6- PSB, T7 –VC (50% N) + 50% RDF, T8- VC (25% N) + 75% RDF, T9- VC (50% N) + 50% RDF + Azospirillum, T10-VC (25% N) + 75% RDF + Azospirillum, T11- VC (50% N) + 50% RDF + PSB, T12- VC (25% N) + 75% RDF + PSB, T13- VC (50% N) + 50% RDF + Azospirillum + PSB), and T14- VC (25% N) + 75% RDF + Azospirillum + PSB. Parameters affecting plant productivity and quality considerably were noted down, which include fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, number of fruits per pole, fruit yield, and pulp percentage, peel percentage, pulp/peel ratio, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, total sugar, reducing sugar, and non-reducing sugar. According to the study, the treatment VC (25% N) + 75% RDF + Azospirillum + PSB (T14) proved superior in all aspects when compared with all other treat ments in respect of yield and quality of fruit, with fruit length (13.17 cm), fruit width (11.57 cm), fruit weight (356.66 g), number of fruits per pole (10.25) fruit yield (3.04 t/ha), pulp percentage (78.46%), peel percentage (21.54%), pulp to peel ratio (3.65), total soluble solids (TSS) (14.37 °Brix), titratable acidity (0.21%), total sugars (9.13%), reducing sugars (7.56%), and non-reducing sugar (1.57%). Overall, T14 proved most effective, demonstrating the benefits of integrated nutrient management for dragon fruit yield and fruit quality.
11. Yerlan Omarov, Sagi Soltanbekov*, Balnur Kabylbekova, Aigerim Seissenova, Zhulduzay Jumanova And Aigul Madenova [Molecular screening of ‘Aport’ apple on Malus sieversii rootstock for resistance to scab and powdery mildew]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 508-514 (2026). Kazakh Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: sagi.soltanbekov@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is an economically important fruit crop in Kazakhstan, where its wild progenitor, Malus sieversii, represents a valuable source of genetic diversity and disease resistance. Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) are among the most destructive fungal diseases limiting apple production. This study aimed to identify resistant M. sieversii rootstocks using integrated phytopathological and molecular analyses of graft combinations with the cultivar ‘Aport’. Field evaluations conducted during 2023-2025 revealed considerable variation in disease resistance among 11 scion-rootstock combinations. Forms No. 4, No. 7, No. 9, and No. 10 remained free of symptoms of both diseases throughout the study period, whereas forms No. 3, No. 5, and No. 8 exhibited moderate susceptibility to apple scab. The PCR screening identified scab resistance loci Rvi6 (forms No. 2, No. 3, No. 7, and No. 10), Rvi2/Rvi8 (No. 8, No. 9, and No. 10), Rvi5 (No. 7 and No. 10), and Rvi14 (No. 2, No. 7, and No. 10). Powdery mildew resistance was associated with the Pl1 locus, which was detected in all analyzed forms, while Pl2 was identified only in forms No. 2 and No. 10, and Pl-w in forms No. 3, No. 10, and No. 18. Form No. 10 exhibited the most favuorable genetic profile, combining multiple scab and powdery mildew resistance loci with complete field resistance. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating molecular markers with field assessment for identifying resistant apple germplasm and highlight promising donor genotypes for breeding disease-resistant cultivars adapted to Kazakhstan.
12. SANTOSH D.T., MASINA SAIRAM, DINKAR J. GAIKWAD, SUMIT RAY, SHAIK RISHITHA AND SAGAR MAITRA* [Influence of drip fertigation on the growth, yield and quality of cauliflower under polyhouse and open-field conditions]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 515-522 (2026). Center for Smart Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi (Odisha), India *(e-mail: sagar.maitra@cutm.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
Efficient management of water and nutrients is essential for sustainable cauliflower production, helping to improve productivity while conserving natural resources in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Fluctuations in temperature, soil moisture and nutrient availability often affect crop growth, yield and curd quality. Hence, there is a need to identify suitable drip fertigation levels under protected and open field conditions for better crop performance and resource use efficiency. A two-year study was conducted during the winter seasons of 2024–2025 and 2025–2026 at the Research Centre for Smart Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India, to evaluate the effect of different drip fertigation levels on the growth, yield and quality of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) under polyhouse and open field conditions. The experiment was designed based on randomized block design with three replications and eight treatments of 100%, 80 and 60% of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) applied in drip fertigation under polyhouse and open field condition and conventional soil application. The pooled data were analysed for growth, yield, quality, chlorophyll index and leaf nutrient content. All the parameters studied showed significant differences between the different treatments. The crop performance of polyhouse cultivation system with drip fertigation was significantly better than the open field cultivation system. The plant height (60.1 cm), functional leaves (18.9/plant), chlorophyll index (62.1 SPAD), curd weight (796.1 g) and marketable yield (28.0 t/ha) and total yield (29.5 t/ha) were the highest in 100% RDF with drip fertigation under polyhouse conditions (T ). The treatment also resulted in better quality parameters such as dry matter (12.1 %), total soluble solid (6.80 °Brix), ascorbic acid (58.5 mg/100g) and shelf life (11.1 days), and the highest level of nitrogen (3.46%), phosphorus (0.70%) and potassium (3.40 %) in the leaves. As the fertigation levels decreased, growth, yield and quality parameters reduced and were minimum in conventional soil fertilization. The results reveal that use of polyhouse and 100% RDF drip fertigation is an effective production practice to improve productivity, produce quality and nutrient uptake of cauliflower crops.
13. OLA HAMZAH MAHMOOD*, ABEER DAWOOD SALMAN AND SHAHBAL ABD ALHAKIM ZAILI [Improving growth and productivity of cherry radish (Raphanus sativus L.) under sustainable treatments in a hydroponic system]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 523-530 (2026). Department of Horticulture and Landscape College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: ola.h@uokerbala.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
Recycling fruit-processing residues as foliar bio stimulants may improve resource efficiency in hydroponic vegetable production. This study tested whether aqueous apple- and pear-peel extracts enhance the growth and productivity of cherry radish. The experiment was conducted at Research Station B, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, during the 2025–2026 autumn season. Five foliar treatments apple or pear-peel extract at 2.5 or 5 g/L and a distilled-water control were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications and applied three times to plants grown in a modified nutrient film technique system. Pear-peel extract at 2.5 g/L produced the highest leaf chlorophyll content (58.91 SPAD), leaf area (2.97 dm²/plant), leaf dry weight (0.40 g/plant), root yield (16.93 g/plant), and total yield (8.46 t/ha). Apple-peel extract at 2.5 g/L produced the greatest plant height (15.20 cm) and root length (6.40 cm), while the distilled-water control recorded the lowest values for most traits. Foliar application of dried pear- or apple-peel extract at 2.5 g/L can therefore improve cherry-radish growth and root yield while supporting the recycling of fruit residues in hydroponic production.
14. MANJOT KAUR* AND KRISHAN KUMAR SINGH [Interactive effects of varieties, mulches, and biostimulants on fruit yield and quality attributes of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 531-537 (2026). Department of Horticulture, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda (Punjab), India *(e-mail: ManjotKaur2418@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
This research was carried out in order to assess the interactive effects of cultivars, mulches, and biostimulants on fruit yield and quality attributes of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) at the fruit research farm, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab, during winters 2024-25 and 2025-26. This experiment was conducted by employing a split-split plot design where there were two main treatments that included varieties (V1-Winter Dawn and V2-Camarosa), two sub-treatments that consisted of mulching methods (M1–Paddy Straw & M2–Black Polythene), and seven sub-sub-treatments that comprised biostimulants (T1-Humic acid 0.1%, T2-Humic acid 0.2%, T3-Salicylic acid 0.5 mM, T4-Salicylic acid 1.0 mM, T5-Salicylic acid 1.5 mM, T6-Salicylic acid 2.0 mM, and T7-Control). Among main treatments, Camarosa variety significantly improved physical fruit quality and yield, as evidenced by greater fruit length (3.06 cm), breadth (2.49 cm), number of fruits (16.55/plants), total chlorophyll content (2.01 mg/g FW), weight (14.54 g), yield (246.81 g/plant) and yield per hectare (27.42 t/ha). In contrast, variety Winter Dawn was recorded superior biochemical quality attributes in pooled analysis of two-year data, including higher total soluble solids (9.07 0Brix), TSS/acid ratio (10.17), total sugar (9.25%), reducing sugar (5.36%), and anthocyanin content (29.17 mg/100g). M2-black polythene mulch and T2-Humic acid 0.2% consistently outperformed other treatments in all measured parameters, including physical fruit quality, yield components, and biochemical quality attributes. Overall, the research showed that the incorporation of suitable practices of mulching and biostimulants contributed significantly to the improvement of yield and physio-chemical qualities of strawberries, depending on the variety used in the research. Such observations give essential information for sustainable farming strategies for improving the yield and quality of strawberry fruits.
15. ARDIYANTA*, FADINGGA ADI PRATAMA, PUGUH BINTANG PAMUNGKAS, CICILIA TRI KUSUMASTUTI AND OKTI PURWANINGSIH [Economic performance of melon (Cucumis melo L.) using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) pond waste from pellet and maggot–Azolla feeding systems]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 538-543 (2026). Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas PGRI Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55182, Indonesia *(e-mail: ir.ardiyanta@upy.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Reusing aquaculture pond waste for horticultural crops is a promising approach in integrated farming and the circular bioeconomy, but its economic value under different fish feeding systems is still not clear. The type of feed given to tilapia may affect the nutrient content of pond waste and its usefulness for melon production. Hence, there is a need to compare the economic performance of melon using pond waste generated under different tilapia feeding systems. A research was conducted in a naturally ventilated greenhouse at Soboman, Ngestiharjo, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia (7° 48′ S; 110° 20′ E; 70 m above mean sea level) between February and May 2026, comparing the economics of melon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Sky Rocket) raised over Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) ponds and watered with the waste those ponds produced under two feeding systems. The melons grew in planting tubs set above cement ponds, and a timer-driven automatic system delivered the nutrient-rich pond water to them every three days. A completely randomised design with three replications pitted two treatments against each other: waste from pellet-fed tilapia (L1) and waste from maggot–Azolla-fed tilapia (L2). Fixed and variable costs, revenue, farm income, net profit, the revenue–cost (R/C) ratio, the benefit–cost (B/C) ratio and profitability were all worked out per hectare and tested statistically. Mean fruit weight was higher under L2 (563.7 g/plant) than under L1 (302.2 g/plant), and the combined melon-and-fish revenue came to IDR 755.1 million/ha for L2 versus IDR 521.6 million/ha for L1. The maggot–Azolla system delivered the stronger figures across the board, with net profit of IDR 400.2 million/ha, an R/C ratio of 2.13, a B/C ratio of 1.13 and profitability of 112.8%, against IDR 153.5 million/ha, 1.42, 0.42 and 41.7% for the pellet system. Both were financially viable (R/C > 1), yet the maggot–Azolla option cut feed cost sharply and lifted economic efficiency, pointing to a promising circular route for integrated tilapia–melon production.
16. TSEKE PONTSHO EDMUND* [Effect of salinity levels on the nutritional water productivity of Cucumis myriocarpus as a leafy vegetable]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 544-551 (2026). University of Limpopo, Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: Pontsho.tseke@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Soil salinization is a major abiotic stress that limits plant growth and development, posing a serious threat to global food security. It occurs due to the build-up of excess salt in the soil, mainly from improper irrigation, poor land management, and excessive fertilizer use. High levels of Na+ and Cl- interfere with normal cellular functions and essential metabolic processes, resulting in poor growth, reduced productivity, and, in severe cases, plant death. Based on this, the study was conducted from 2024-25 to determine the responses of nutritional water productivity of selected nutrient elements in the drought-tolerant wild cucumber (Cucumis myriocarpus Naude) leafy vegetable to chloride salinity. Uniform seedlings at the five-leaf stage were each transplanted into 20-cm-diameter plastic pots containing 2,700 mL of steam-pasteurized river sand and Hygromix at a 3:1 (v/v) ratio. A geometric series of NaCl and CaCl2 at a 3:1 mM ratio induced chloride salinity. At 56 days after treatment, NWP-Ca, NWP-Mg, NWP-P, NWP-Na, NWP-Fe, and NWP-Zn were significantly affected by salinity, with total treatment variation (TTV) of 79%, 78%, 73%, 79%, 55%, and 36%, respectively. However, the same treatments exhibited no significant effect on NWP-K, contributing 6% in TTV. NWP-Ca, NWP-Mg, NWP-P, NWP-Fe, NWP-Na, and NWP-Zn in relation to increasing chloride salinity demonstrated positive quadratic correlations, with models explaining 98%, 96%, 99%, 96%, 89%, and 99% of the variance, respectively. These findings indicate a strong relationship between the NWP of selected nutrient elements’ uptake and chloride salinity levels, suggesting that increasing salinity enhances the availability of NWP of selected nutrient elements at lower concentrations while limiting it at high chloride salinity.
17. LAMYAA HUSSEIN MOUSA MAZENE, KAWTHER HASHIM ABAR ALJASIMEE AND HUSSEIN KHAEIM* [Improvement of micropropagation and Rosmarinic acid production in Rosmarinus officinalis via nano elicitors]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 552-559 (2026). Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah 58002, Iraq *(e-mail: lamya.hussein@qu.edu.iq; Hussein.khaeim@qu.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
Conventional propagation techniques result in low multiplication rates and inconsistent phytochemical profiles; however, plant tissue culture systems utilizing synthetic plant growth regulators can alleviate the impact of secondary metabolites. The study was conducted in 2025–2026, the University of Al-Qadissyiah, Diwanyah, Iraq, in the laboratories to explore the potential of AgNPs and ZnO NPs to improve micropropagation and Rosmarinic Acid (RA) production in Rosmarinus officinalis L. Rosmarinus officinalis shoot tips were grown on MS medium with AgNPs and ZnO NPs at 25, 50, and 100 mg/L and without nanoparticles. After 42 days, shoot proliferation was assessed, followed by in vitro rooting and greenhouse acclimatization. The most effective treatment was 50 mg/L AgNPs, which increased shoot proliferation (6.8 per explant vs. 2.9 in control). Rooting increased from 52% (control) to 88%, and acclimation from 71% to 94%. Additionally, RA concentration increased to 3.9 mg/g DW, three times the control (1.4 mg/g DW). Treatment also enhanced phenolic content. A substantial positive association (r = 0.89) between shoot proliferation and RA concentration suggests morphogenic and secondary metabolic responses improved simultaneously. Nonetheless, 100 mg/L nanoparticles resulted in fewer shoots, increased callus development, and reduced survival. In conclusion, 50 mg/L AgNPs can replace plant growth regulators to improve rosemary micropropagation and phytochemical production in a one-step commercial propagation method.
18. HUSAAM F. NAJEEB ALAWADI*, MUSAAB A. YASIR, EVAN ABDULHASSAN MOHAMMED ALI AND ZIYAD A. ABED [Plant Breeding as a tool to cope with drought using the HvFSDI gene]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 560-569 (2026). Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah 58002, Iraq *(e-mail: hussam.alawadi@qu.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
Drought stress is a major constraint to wheat and barley production, causing oxidative damage, metabolic disturbances, and reduced crop productivity under changing climatic conditions. Understanding the physiological and biochemical mechanisms associated with drought tolerance is essential for identifying resilient cultivars and supporting the development of climate resilient cereal production systems. The physiological, biochemical and agronomic responses of two varieties of barley to two irrigation periods: P1 – irrigation every 15 days and P2 – irrigation every 20 days) were evaluated in the winter season 2024 at the University of Baghdad, using a randomised complete block design with factorial arrangement and three replications. Growth characters, activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD and GPX) and yield attributes and grain yield were measured. Variety 1 was superior to variety 2 in agronomic performance. Variety 2 had significantly higher plant height (79.6 cm), leaf area (10.95 cm2), number of spikes (250.08 spikes/m2), kernels per spike (48.9) and grain yield (4.63 t/ha) than variety 1. The second irrigation period (P2) improved plant height, number of spikes, number of kernels per spike and grain yield and the activities of SOD and GPX, indicating better antioxidant responses against oxidative stress. However, CAT activity was higher in P1, indicating higher detoxification of hydrogen peroxide in shorter irrigation intervals. In general, the interaction between Variety 2 and P2 yielded the highest values of growth, antioxidant activity and yield. These results indicated that Variety 2 had better physiological and biochemical mechanisms to cope with drought stress and produced more under prolonged irrigation interval.
19. T. M. RAPHALALANI AND M. Y. MAILA* [Influence of peeling forms and processing methods on total phenolic, beta-carotene and vitamin C of different sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) cultivars]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 570-576 (2026). Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Limpopo Agro-Food Technology Station University of Limpopo, Private Bag x1106, Sovenga, 0727, Polokwane, South Africa *(e-mail: yvonne.maila@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
The nutritive value of sweet potatoes has attracted interest in the culinary industries because of their high antioxidant. The root vegetable can be eaten raw, but preferred baked, boiled or roasted. However, excessive processing may alter its nutritive value. The study examined the effects of peeling forms (PFs) and processing methods (PMs) on the bioactive compounds of four sweet potatoes (‘Bophelo’, ‘Blesbok’, ‘Mvuvhelo’ and ‘Mafutha’). The five-months tuberous roots were analysed for total phenolic (TP), beta-carotene (BC) and vitamin C. Each sweet potato cultivar was set in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment in a completely randomised design with five replicates. The study included PFs [unpeeled (UP) and peeled (P)] as the first factor and PMs (raw, boiling and baking) as the second factor. Boiled and baked sweet potatoes in both PFs showed higher TP in UP baked ‘Bophelo’ and ‘Mafutha’, followed by UP boiled ‘Mvuvhelo’ and P baked ‘Blesbok’, with 80.61, 76.72, 76.68 and 64.30 mg GAE/100 gdw of TP, respectively. Beta-carotene was the highest in UP raw ‘Bophelo’ (standard), and UP baked ‘Mvuvhelo’ with 75.62 and 39.47 µg/100g of BC, respectively. Vitamin C was the highest in UP boiled ‘Bophelo’, followed by UP baked ‘Mafutha’ and P baked ‘Mvuvhelo’ with 66.42, 5.29 and 31.62 µg/100g, respectively. In conclusion, the interaction of PFs × PMs influenced the bioactive compounds, with the highest TP and vitamin C found in UP baked ‘Bophelo’ and ‘Mafutha’, while the highest BC was observed in the UP raw ‘Bophelo’ (standard) sweet potatoes.
20. Zibagul Kakezhanova, Zhastlek Uakhitov*, Beybit Nasiyev, Ardager Sarbasov, Àssel Altybayeva, Manzura Kamalova and Konstantin Denisov [Practices for enhancing sustainable pasture productivity in the steppe zone of Northeastern Kazakhstan]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 577-592 (2026). 1Non-commercial Joint Stock Company «Toraighyrov University», Republic of Kazakhstan *(e-mail: zhastlek0503@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Land degradation of pasture ecosystems is a major challenge in arid and semi-arid regions, reducing forage productivity and threatening the sustainability of livestock production. In Kazakhstan, where natural pastures constitute the largest share of agricultural land, sustainable pasture restoration and management practices are urgently needed to rehabilitate degraded forage lands and enhance long term productivity. Therefore, the development of effective, environmentally safe methods for restoring pasture productivity is highly relevant. The study was conducted in 2023–2025 during the growing seasons at the Toraighyrov University experimental sites and the peasant farm “Zamandas” in the Pavlodar region, northeastern Kazakhstan. Two field experiments were established in the steppe zone under arid climatic conditions. The first experiment evaluated surface improvement of degraded crested wheatgrass pastures using disk tillage combined with biofertilizers and organic amendments. The second experiment investigated radical improvement through the establishment of multi-species perennial grass mixtures, including both local and introduced drought-resistant species. Soil agrochemical properties, plant biometric parameters, yield of green biomass, and energy value of forage were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using variance and nonparametric methods. Surface improvement significantly enhanced soil fertility and pasture productivity. The combined application of disk tillage with organomineral fertiliser and vermicompost increased green biomass yield by 3.65 t/ha and metabolizable energy by 14.22 GJ/ha compared to degraded control pastures. Plant height increased by 37.2%, stand density by 74.8%, and soil humus content by 0.8%. In the second experiment, all seeded grass mixtures outperformed natural pastures, with biomass yields increasing from 6.42 to 19.56 t/ha and energy yield increases from 18.67 to 48.15 GJ/ha in the first year. The results demonstrate that both surface and radical improvement methods are effective for restoring degraded pastures and enhancing forage quality under steppe conditions.
21. Nghiem Tien Chung*, Vu Duc Loi, Pham Thi Anh, Nguyen Thi Hien And Vang Mi Nhu [Effects of nitrogen fertilization and planting spacing on growth, yield, and militarine content of Bletilla striata cultivated in Northern Vietnam]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 593-602 (2026). Vietnam University of Traditional Medicine Hanoi, Vietnam *(e-mail: nghiemtienchung@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f. is an important medicinal plant widely used in traditional Asian medicine for its hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. However, limited information is available on agronomic practices that improve both rhizome yield and bioactive compound accumulation under Vietnamese cultivation conditions. This study evaluated the effects of nitrogen fertilization and planting spacing on growth performance, yield components, and militarine content of Bletilla striata. A split-plot field experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Sa Pa, Lao Cai Province, northern Vietnam, from 2022 to 2024. Nitrogen was applied at four levels: 0, 60, 90, and 120 kg N/ha. Three planting spacings were tested: 20 × 20 cm, 20 × 25 cm, and 20 × 30 cm. The results showed that nitrogen fertilization and planting spacing significantly influenced plant growth, rhizome yield, and militarine accumulation. The highest plant height (14.2 cm) was recorded under N2K1, while the maximum SPAD value (17.8) and leaf area (5.97 cm²) were observed under N3K3 and N1K3, respectively. The highest actual yield (3.7 t/ha) and militarine content (4.7 mg/g DW) were obtained under N2K2. Militarine accumulation increased with nitrogen application up to 90 kg N/ha but declined slightly at 120 kg N/ha, suggesting that excessive nitrogen input did not further enhance metabolite accumulation. These findings indicate that balanced nitrogen supply and appropriate planting spacing are important for improving both productivity and medicinal quality of Bletilla striata. The combination of 90 kg N/ha and 20 × 25 cm spacing appears to be a suitable cultivation strategy for Bletilla striata under northern Vietnamese conditions.
22. Viktor Petrischev*, Irina Agasieva, Maria Petrishcheva and Ekaterina Goloborodko [Dominant aphidophages from the families Coccinellidae and Syrphidae and their trophic specialization in the agrocenoses of Krasnodar Territory]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 603-610 (2026). Laboratory of the State Collection of Entomoakariphages and Initial Assessment of Biological Control Agents, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Research Centre of Biological Plant Protection” 62 Kalinina str., Krasnodar, 350039, Russia *(e-mail: petrischev.v.s@yandex.ru)
ABSTRACT
Entomophagous insects play a prominent part in regulating the abundance of phytophages and maintaining the stability of agroecosystems. The purpose of the research was to identify the dominant species of aphidophages from the families Coccinellidae and Syrphida and investigate their food preferences and stationary distribution in the agrocenoses of the central and western zones of Krasnodar Territory, Russia. The research was carried out in 2025–2026 at the experimental crop rotation base of the Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection (45.047558, 38.875124); at the Kuban educational farm (45.06564020962293, 38.876425914675984), and on the fields of Dinskoy (45.292551, 39.077191), Abinsky (44.86763, 38.284167), and Krymsky Districts (44.998898, 37.898134) on different crops. The collection and counting of entomophages were carried out by standard methods (entomological net sweeping and visual counting), and their species affiliation was determined according to commonly accepted identification guides. As a result, a total of 10 Coccinellidae species were identified. Among these, the dominant aphidophage in field crops was Coccinella septempunctata (75% of total population), while Harmonia axyridis and Adalia bipunctata concentrated mainly on woody and shrubby vegetation. The most numerous of the 12 observed species of hoverflies were Episyrphus balteatus (35%) and Sphaerophoria scripta (20%), whose larvae effectively destroy aphids in pea and rapeseed crops. The presence of flowering plants on the outskirts of fields was found to help attract adult syrphids and promote their biocenotic activity. The results obtained can be used to predict the abundance of phytophages and optimize biological plant protection methods in the region.
23. VLADIMIR ISMAILOV*, DARIA KLIMENKO AND ALEXANDER KOMANTSEV [Entomophages and their role in regulating crop pest abundance]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 611-618 (2026). Federal Scientific Center for Biological Plant Protection 62 Kalinina str., Krasnodar, 350039, Russia *(e-mail: v.ya.ismailov@mymail.academy)
ABSTRACT
The activation and natural reproduction of entomophages play an important role in the regulation of the number of phytophages in crop cenoses making it possible to abandon chemical treatments. The development of ecological and organic technologies for the cultivation of grain and row crops is growing in significance for preserving and maintaining environmental stability and producing clean food. The purpose of this research was to study the regulatory role of entomophages of the main pests of grain and row crops as part of pesticide-free protection in organic crop production. The studies were carried out in 2024-2025 based on an experimental scientific crop rotation of the Federal Scientific Center for Biological Plant Protection (Krasnodar, Russia) and at the main organic farm of Urozhainoe OJSC, Stavropol Krai. In the biocontrol of the sunn pest, a significant role is played by egg parasites of the genus Telenomus (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), the most common and effective of which are the species Trissolcus grandis Thomson and Telenomus chloropus Thomson. Imagoes of the sunn pest Eurygaster integriceps were infested with two species – the golden phasia Clytiomyia helluo F. and the gray phasia Alophora subcoleopterata L. The golden and gray phasias infested, respectively, 64.2% and 35.7% of imagoes in 2024 and 73.6% and 26.3% in 2025. The abundance of aphidophages was high, with Coccinella septempunctata L. as the dominant bioindicator species. In all collections throughout the growing season, the seven-spotted ladybird accounted for 62.3% of all Coccinellidae, the 14-spotted ladybird Propylea quatuordecimpunctata L – for 18.9%, and Adalia bipunctata L – for 3.6%. Coccinellidae made up the largest share of the total number of entomophages – 85.8%. Determination of the species composition of reproducible populations of oviparasites established that Trichogramma pintoi amounted to 4%, and a significant share was made up by the species T. dendrolimi (72%) and T. evanescens (24%). A method has been developed for the conservation and accumulation of natural entomophage populations at the level of agroecosystems, including the early introduction of mixed (semi-species) Trichogramma populations into agricultural and natural cenoses with an additional food base (Sitotroga eggs).
24. K. P. Malatji*, K. M. Pofu, A. Gerrano and P. W. Mashela [Screening of six cowpea lines against Meloidogyne javanica under greenhouse conditions]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 619-623 (2026). Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: Kgashane.malatji@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an important grain legume widely cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa for food security, nutritional supplementation, income generation, and soil fertility improvement. However, productivity of the crop is severely constrained by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), particularly the thermophilic species Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne enterolobii. The objective of this study was to determine the host status of six cowpea lines against M. javanica under greenhouse conditions. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted at the University of Limpopo, South Africa, using a randomised complete block design with six treatments replicated six times. Fourteen days after sowing, each seedling was inoculated with 3,000 eggs plus second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica. Nematode assessments were conducted 56 days after inoculation. Reproductive potential (RP) was calculated as the ratio of final nematode population density to fresh root mass. Significant differences (P d” 0.05) were observed among cowpea lines for nematode reproduction. All test lines supported nematode reproduction, with RP values consistently exceeding unity. The findings demonstrate that all evaluated cowpea lines were susceptible hosts to M. javanica and are therefore unsuitable for deployment in crop rotation systems aimed at suppressing root-knot nematode populations. The study highlights the importance of incorporating nematode resistance screening into cowpea breeding programmes to support the development of integrated nematode management strategies under climate-smart agricultural systems.
25. KSENIYA GASIYAN*, OKSANA KREMNEVA AND ARTEM PONOMAREV [Effect of weather on tan spot and the number of conidia of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in winter wheat crops]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 624-632 (2026). Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection» 350039, 62 Kalinin st., Krasnodar, Russia *(e-mail: gasiyankkk@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
Weather and climate are key factors influencing the development of fungal plant diseases. The most significant meteorological drivers of pathogen incidence are temperature, relative humidity and the amount of precipitation. These factors influence sporulation, germination of phytopathogen spores and survival during the winter, which is crucial for the development of the disease in the following season. Here we aim to evaluate and compare the influence of weather and varietal characteristics of winter wheat on tan spot (pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and the concentration of spores in the air to substantiate elements of the methodology for monitoring and forecasting epiphytoties. The study showed that weather variability makes a greater contribution to both the variability in the number of P. tritici-repentis conidia and the development of the disease than genetic differences between varieties. Moreover, among weather variables, temperature is the prevailing factor. However, the weather factor may vary from year to year. Therefore, the “year” factor is a better choice for the subsequent development of monitoring methods and forecasting models. It reflects the totality of all possible weather factors affecting the plant pathogen in each specific year. The “variety” factor, reflecting varietal susceptibility to the phytopathogen, will be of secondary importance in the proposed methodology. The obtained results will enable the development of a monitoring methodology and a model for predicting the incidence of tan spot in crops.
26. Cucu Suherman VZ*, Daffa Satrio Bakri and Mochamad Arief Soleh [Effects of rice, maize, and soybean intercropping on growth of six-year-old mature oil palm]. Research on Crops 27 (3): 633-638 (2026). Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia *(e-mail: cucu.suherman@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a strategic plantation commodity contributing significantly to Indonesia’s economy. During the early mature phase, the interrow space of oil palm remains underutilised, and intercropping offers potential to improve land-use efficiency and farmer income without disturbing main-crop growth. This study aimed to determine the effect of intercropping rice (Oryza sativa L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.) on the growth of six-year-old mature oil palm. The experiment was conducted at the Ciparanje Experimental Field, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, from February to June 2025, using a Latin Square Design with four treatments – oil palm monoculture (control), oil palm + rice, oil palm + maize, and oil palm + soybean, each replicated four times. Parameters observed included plant height, stem girth, leaf number, chlorophyll index, stomatal density, and bunch number. Results showed that maize intercropping reduced oil palm stem girth compared with the monoculture control, while stem girth under soybean intercropping remained similar to the control and rice intercropping fell between the two; no other growth or yield parameter was affected by intercropping. These findings indicate that the interrow space of six-year-old oil palm can potentially be optimised for food-crop cultivation without compromising the main crop’s growth.
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