Volume 23, No. 1 (March, 2022)
1. M. HANIFUZZAMAN, F. M. JAMIL UDDIN, M. GOLAM MOSTOFA, SHUBROTO KUMAR SARKAR, SWAPAN KUMAR PAUL AND M. HARUN RASHID* [Effect of zinc and boron management on yield and yield contributing characters of Aus rice (Oryza sativa)]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 1-10 (2022). Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh *(e-mail : mhrashid@bau.edu.bd)
ABSTRACT
Zinc (Zn) and boron (B) are two of the most important micronutrients for plants which play vital role in various metabolic functions. However, deficiency of these nutrients elements in agricultural soils is very common and it has been associated with lower yield of rice in many regions of the world. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh during the period from May 2019 to August 2019 to study the effect of different levels of Zn and B fertilizers on the yield of Aus rice (cv. BRRI dhan48). The experiment included four levels of Zn fertilizer (ZnSO4 .7H2O) management and three levels of boron fertilizer (boric acid) management. The Zn treatments were 0 kg/ha (control), basal application @ 10 kg/ha, basal application @ 5 kg/ha + soil application during active tillering stage @ 5 kg/ha, and foliar application (0.5% solution of ZnSO4.7H2O) during flag leaf stage. The B fertilizer managements were 0 kg/ha (control, 1.5 kg/ha basal application, and foliar application of 2% solution of H3BO3 during flag leaf stage. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Zn and B boosted all studied parameters of rice in comparison to their controls, i.e., no fertilization. The highest values for grain yield and almost all yield contributing characters of rice were obtained from foliar application of H3BO3 during flag leaf stage. The highest number of filled grains/panicle and grain yield were obtained from foliar application of ZnSO4.7H2O. The results also showed that grain yield of rice increased with increasing levels of both Zn and B up to 4.39 t/ha and 4.29 t/ha, respectively. For the maximum grain yield of Aus rice cv. BRRI dhan49, 2% solution of H3BO3 coupled with 0.5% of ZnSO4.7H2O solution should be applied during flag leaf stage. Further research should be conducted on different agro-ecological zones to assess the interaction between Zn and B in different soil types.
2. Rikhi Rian Sangma, Chowlani Manpoong, Avinash Sharma, V. S. Devadas, Devendra Singh* and Himanshu Pandey [Performance of black rice (Oryza sativa) varieties grown in Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh, India]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 11-14 (2022). Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Arunachal University of Studies, Namsai-792103, Arunachal Pradesh, India *(e-mail : dev7600@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The present study was performed to increase the farmer’s income and food security in the Namsai district agroclimatic zone. Therefore, the present study investigated the evaluation of black rice varieties in the climate of Namsai district, Arunachal Pradesh during 2019-2020. The four black rice varieties, namely BR1- Imphal, Chalchao, BR2- Manipur, BR3- Meghalaya, Lalumpam, and BR4- Meghalaya, Nalapara were cultivated in RBD field design with 5 replications during Kharif season. The growth parameters and correlations were obtained from black rice varieties. The observations were calculated with ICAR-Wasp statistical software. The maximum plant height (146.20 cm) was obtained in BR4 (Meghalaya, Nalapara). The maximal productive tillers (26) were observed in BR1 (Imphal, Chalchao). The lowest panicle emergence (48 days) was recorded in BR2 (Manipur). The maximum number of grains per panicle (151) was reported in BR1 (Imphal, Chalchao). The maximum panicle length (25.2 cm) was found in BR3 (Meghalaya, Lalumpam). The maximal yield per plot (13.6 kg) was recorded in BR1 (Meghalaya, Nalapara). The lowest crop duration (119 days) was obtained in BR1 (Imphal, Chalchao), and the maximum crop duration (132 days) was recorded in BR4 (Meghalaya, Nalapara). The total yield per plot positively correlated with plant tillers, the weight of 1000 grain, the L/B ratio, and grains/panicle. The results obtained suggest that these varieties can be utilized as a companion crop for better income, food security in this region.
3. N. V. Verbitskaya, E. P. Kondratenko*, E. V. Starovoitova, O. M. Soboleva and I. A. Sergeeva [Efficiency of liquid humic fertilizer and herbicidal treatment in spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation technology]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 15-20 (2022). Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy Kemerovo, Russia *(e-mail : meer@yandex.ru)
ABSTRACT
One of the ways to increase the yield and quality of crop production is the development and use of agricultural technologies with minimal environmental impact on the environment. An effective method of such technologies is pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar fertilization of plants with humic substances. Therefore, the effect of the liquid complex humic fertilizer “Healthy Harvest” (LCHF) was conducted on the basis of the SEC “Vishnevsky” in the Belovsky district of the Kemerovo region during 2019-20 with an application rate of 0.5 L/ha and 1 L/ha in tank mixtures with the herbicide Magnum Super, VDG (application rate 10 L/ha). It was found that in field conditions the LCHF provided a significant decrease in the phytotoxicity of the herbicide Magnum Super, VDG (tribenuron-methyl + metsulfuron-methyl). Under the influence of the LCHF with the application rate of 0.5 L/ha and 1 L/ha, the yield increase was 2.38 t/ha and 2.61 t/ha, respectively; the antidote effect with the application rate of 0.5 L/ha gives an increase in yield in 1.26 times. LCHF were able to reduce the phytotoxic effect of the herbicide Magnum Super, VDG on wheat plants, increase the resistance of the crop and, thereby, preserve the yield. The use of the LCHF in a tank mixture with the herbicide Magnum Super, VDG made it possible to remove the of herbicide negative effect, which had a positive impact on the mass fraction of protein, raw gluten, glassiness and grain nature.
4. SUHAD MATHKOOR A. SAFI*, RAFID AHMED A. Al-KHALDY AND WATHEQ FALHI HAMMOOD [Evaluation of the efficiency of some herbicides in controlling weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 21-25 (2022). College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail : suhadsafi7@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The decline in wheat yield is due to several reasons, the most important of which is weed losses. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the Department of Field Crops, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadria during the winter season 2020-2021. The research aimed to study the effect of some herbicides (Crash + U46 combination (1 + 1 L/ha) and Excile (1.5 L/ha). Besides, weed-free and weedy treatment in the companion weeds, yield and its components for three cultivars of wheat (Shame 6, Samur, and Graime). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design, arranged according to a split plot with three replicates. The cultivars represented the main plots, and herbicides represented the sub-plots. The results showed the superiority of the combination treatment (Crash + U46) for all characteristics, achieved the better average number of spikes that amounted to 432.2 spikes/m2, the number of grains/spike amounted to 44.66 grains/spike. The weight of 1000 grains amounted to 48.32 g, and the grain yield amounted to 1.8367 t/ha compared to the weedy treatment, which recorded the lowest averages. The cultivar Samur with the combination (Crash + U46) recorded an average grain yield of 1.8933 t/ha. The Samur cultivar exceeded by achieving the lowest average number of companion weeds amounted to 23.25 weeds/m2, recorded the better percentage of weed control that amounted to 62.26%.
5. Kamal Kanta Pal, Md Amirul Islam, Md Nesar Uddin, Md Sabibul Haque and Md Alamgir Hossain* [Culm reserves and its remobilization to grain for minimization of grain yield loss in drought-resistant wheat cultivars]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 26-32 (2022). Department of Crop Botany Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh *(e-mail : alamgircbot@bau.edu.bd)
ABSTRACT
Drought stress reduces photosynthesis during the grain-filling period. Hence, the remobilization of culm reserves becomes an essential attribute for grain filling and yield in wheat under post-anthesis stress. To evaluate the contribution of culm reserve towards the drought tolerance in wheat, a pot experiment was conducted at the Net House, Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from November 2018 to March 2019. The experiment consisted of two factors: (a) four cultivars viz. BARI Gom21, BARI Gom22, BARI Gom30 and BARI Gom33; and (b) stress i.e., control and drought. Each treatment was replicated thrice following Completely Randomized Design. Drought stress was imposed by manipulating the irrigation during the grain-filling period. Results revealed that the highest yield was obtained in BARI Gom33 (7.97 g/pot). It also showed statistically similar biomass yield under both control and stress conditions. Furthermore, leaf greenness was the highest in BARI Gom33 under control (43.38) and stress (41.36) conditions, while grain filling rate and maximum grain weight were in both BARI Gom33 and BARI Gom30. All cultivars showed an increasing pattern in changes in spike dry weight, but culms and leaves exhibited a decreasing trend. The amount of remobilized culm water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) varied from 19.80 to 204.6 and 6.950 to 117.3 mg /g under control and drought conditions, respectively. The contribution of culm WSCs to grain yield was comparatively higher in BARI Gom30 and BARI Gom33 than the others, which varied from 5.423 to 22.66% and 4.517 to 17.86% of the total grain weight under control and drought stress, respectively. Thus, BARI Gom30 and BARI Gom33 appeared to be relatively drought tolerant over the rest two because of their higher current assimilation and culm reserves that contribute to the grain weight.
6. Ekaterina Petrovna Kondratenko*, Olga Mikhailovna Soboleva and Iraida Anatolyevna Sergeeva [Influence of weather conditions and weediness on barley (Hordeum vulgare) yield]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 33-39 (2022). Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy Kemerovo Region, Kemerovo, st. Markovtseva 5, 650056, Russia *(e-mail : meer@yandex.ru)
ABSTRACT
Barley belongs to the leading grain crops. This is due to its good adaptive abilities to various climatic conditions, as well as its high nutritional and feed value. However, this crop, when developed in the field, is forced to compete with weeds, which inevitably leads to a decrease in yield. The relationship between clogging, weather and climatic conditions and crop yields has been observed. However, for the geographical region of Siberia, there are few similar works exploring this relationship. Therefore, study on the influence of weather conditions and weeds on the formation of the yield of spring barley in the southeast of Western Siberia is a prerequisite for the development of the protection of this crop from weeds. This research included the study of the species composition of weeds and hydrothermal characteristics and their influence on the formation of the yield of spring barley. The studies were carried out in the steppe zone of the Kuznetsk Basin and the Mariinsky forest-steppe of the West Siberian Plain of the Kemerovo Region (Russia) from 2014 to 2018. To characterize the dynamics of yield, sown areas and gross harvests of spring barley, data from statistical bulletins of the territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Kemerovo region were used. An increase in the yield of barley was observed. In 2018, compared to 2014, the difference was 0.19 t/ha and revealed a significant reduction in acreage and, due to this, a decrease in the gross yield of barley was noted. Thirtyfour species of weeds belonging to 16 families were recorded on the plot. The biological groups of weeds are represented by six types: ephemera, early spring, late spring, annual wintering, rhizome perennials, and root suckers. The yield of spring barley is greatly reduced by dicotyledonous biennial species of weeds from the Cabbage and Bluegrass families.
7. ELENA SEMINCHENKO* AND ANDREY SOLONKIN** [Influence of predecessor crops on the yield of spring barley under the protection of forest belt]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 40-45 (2022). Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) 97 Universitetskiy Prospekt, 400062, Volgograd, Russia (e-mail : *eseminchenko@mail.ru ; **mishamax73@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research was to study the effect of forest stripes and predecessor crops on the yield of the spring barley. The research was carried out on the experimental field of the Lower Volga Research Institute, a branch of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences during 2016 to 2020. Moisture reserves under the protection of the forest belt for the predecessors of peas and spring wheat were greater than in the open area and amounted for the predecessor of peas from 38.04 to 27.94 mm. By harvesting, the reserves of productive moisture were reduced to minimum values. On an average, over five years, the yield of spring barley varied depending on the predecessor crops and the distance of the forest belt. In wet years the yield varies from 0.9 to 2.61 t/ha and in dry years from 0.9 to 2.85 t/ha. The largest intake of nutrients in the form of straw, crop and root residues for N – according to the predecessor of perennial grasses at a distance of 15H was 32.7 kg/ha, P2O5 – according to the predecessor of spring wheat at a distance of 15H was 14.8 kg /ha and K2O according to the predecessor of perennial grasses at a distance of 5H was 53.2 kg/ha.
8. Svetlana Semina*, SERGEY Nadezhkin, Irina Gavryushina, Evgeny Zheryakov, Alexander Paliychuk AND Yulia Zheryakova [The effect of silicon-containing preparations on yield and grain quality of maize (Zea mays L.) on a leached Chernozem (black soil)]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 46-51 (2022). Penza State Agrarian University 440014, Penza region, Penza, Botanicheskayast., 30, Russia *(e-mail : seminapenza@rambler.ru ; nadegs@yandex.ru)
ABSTRACT
Interest in silicon-containing preparations is related to the possibility of their use as an environmentally friendly alternative to pesticides, as well as for increasing the natural resistance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. Studies to identify the most promising silicon-containing preparation (Kelik Potassium-Silicon – 1.5 l/ha; NanoKremniy – 150 g/ha; Microvit-6 Silicon, – 0.5 l/ha) and application periods (5 leaves; 7-8 leaves; 5 leaves + 7-8 leaves), were conducted in 2018-2020 under unstable moisture conditions of forest-steppe part of the Volga region (Penza Region, Russia). Foliar treatment with silica promoted an increase in cob grain content by 14.8-27.1 %. The foliar treatment with silicon-containing preparations increased the weight of the grains per cob by 14.5 to 36.6 %, Microvit-6 Silicon being more promising. Leaf treatment with silicon-containing preparations increased corn yield by 26.4 to 50.1%. The advantage in grain yield was for the variants with the application of Microvit-6 Silicon in the phase of five leaves of maize and NanoKremniy binary. A certain regularity in the influence of foliar treatment with silicon-containing preparations on the biochemical composition of maize grain was not revealed, only the tendency of increasing the content of crude protein, crude fat and reducing the mineralization of the grain when using them was established.
9. AUGUSTINE. R* AND V. IMAYAVARAMBAN [Production potential of maize under agronomic biofortification]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 52-62 (2022). ICAR-KVK Research Farm, HansRoever Campus Valikandapuram, Perambalur-621115. Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail : augustinerajendran@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Micronutrient malnutrition is prevalent over recent decades due to the general depreciation of the quality of diet, both in developed and developing countries. The deficiencies of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are critical public health problem worldwide with the negative impact on health, lifespan and productivity. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during two consecutive seasons of kharif and rabi 2020-21 on sandy clayey loam soils of the ICAR-KVK Research Farm, HansRoever Campus, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India to study the effect of agronomic biofortification on yield and its components of maize under cauvery delta condition. Two hybrids in main-plots both, QPM and non-QPM were sown by direct method on ridges at a spacing of 60 × 20 cm under split plot design (SPD) with 6 treatments of nutrient levels in sub-plot combination under three replications. Results revealed that nutrient levels at 50% RDF through NPK + 50% RDF through FYM with Fe and Zn as foliar application @0.5% conc (S6) at 45 (active vegetative stage) and 90 (grain filling stage) days after sowing (DAS) showed significant results in terms of growth attributes like, plant height, leaf area index, dry-matter accumulation, reduced days taken to 50% tasselling and 50% silking, and yield attributes like, cob length, no. of grains/row, cob weight, test weight, and yield like grain yield (8.27 and 8.52 t/ha) and stover yield (10.16 and 10.35 t/ha), and grain quality like crude protein content (14.65 and 14.93%), starch content (63.85 and 65.42 mg/g), Fe (37.80 and 36.25 mg/kg) and Zn (31.88 and 29.35 mg/kg) of maize grain in both seasons. Further examination is required in optimizing the dosage per hectare and in crop stages and location specific under maize cultivation to ensure sustainable and profitable farming systems.
10. Vishnu M., Durai Singh R.*, Gurusamy A., Prabakaran K. and Kalpana K. [Effect of various irrigation regimes on growth and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo) under Sub-Tropical regions of Southern Tamil Nadu, India]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 63-69 (2022). Agricultural College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai – 625 104, Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail : maduraisingh@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The productivity of black gram, a major short season grain legume can significantly be improved by selecting a suitable variety and matching the crop water requirement under irrigated dryland conditions. Therefore, a study was conducted during summer 2021 at Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu to identify the influence of different levels of irrigation to meet the optimum crop water requirement of high yielding varieties. The experiment was carried out in strip plot design with three irrigation regimes 100% ETc, 75% ETc, 50% ETc and five black gram varieties ADT 3, ADT 6, VBN 8, VBN 11, TBG 104 and each treatment was replicated thrice. Results indicated that, VBN 11 when irrigated based on 75% ETc recorded higher plant height (48.75 cm), number of branches per plant (19.08), leaf area index (4.02), SPAD values (48.60), pods per plant (42.62), seeds per pod (6.33) and 100 seed weight (4.70) with grain yield of 960 kg/ha and water use efficiency (2.87). Therefore, it could be concluded that, application of irrigation based on the ETc requirement can significantly increase the yield and performance of black gram variety VBN 11 with increased water use efficiency.
11. P. K. PATNAIK, SUBHAPRADA DASH*, MD. R. CHOWDHURY, S. P. DAS, K. SAR AND S. R. PRADHAN [Weed growth and productivity of summer greengram (Vigna radiata L.) under sole and sequential application of herbicides]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 70-75 (2022). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences IAS, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar-751029, Odisha *(e-mail : subhapradadash@soa.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
Greengram is a short stature crop, whose growth is sluggish during the early period which makes it susceptible to very intense weed competition from a divers weed flora. An investigation was carried out during the summer season, 2021 at Agricultural Research Station, Binjhagiri, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan, deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India to evaluate the efficacy of sole and sequential application of herbicides on weed growth, productivity and profitability of summer greengram. Ten treatments comprise of sole and sequential application of pendimethalin, imazethapyr at different doses, two hand weeding and weedy check were replicated thrice in the randomized block design. The major weed flora found in the experimental area were Poa annua, Digitaria sanguinalis, Melochia corchorifolia, Aeschynomene afraspera and Grangea maderaspatana. Study revealed that among the herbicidal treatments, application of pendimethalin @ 1000 g/ha at 1 day after sowing (DAS) fb imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha at 20 DAS registered significantly the minimum weed density and biomass along with higher values of weed control efficiency, which was statistically at par with pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha at 1 DAS fb imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha at 20 DAS treatment. The highest productivity (8.16 q/ha) was significantly recorded under twice hand weeding at 15 and 35 DAS, which was found to maintain statistically similar yield levels with pendimethalin @ 1000 g/ha at 1 DAS fb imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha at 20 DAS (8.05 q seed/ha) and pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha at 1 DAS fb imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha at 20 DAS (7.97 q seed/ha). However, the sequential application of pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha at 1 DAS fb imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha at 20 DAS revealed the highest B:C ratio (1.93) in terms of profitability of greengram. Thus, sequential application of pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha at 1 DAS fb imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha at 20 DAS appeared to be promising for effective weed management, higher productivity and profitability in summer greengram.
12. Asiwe J. N. A.* [Evaluation of productivity traits of five pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) varieties in pigeonpea-maize strip intercropping under rainfed condition in Limpopo Province, South Africa]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 76-84 (2022). University of Limpopo Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727 *(e-mail : joseph.asiwe@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Mixed intercropping is the common cropping system practiced in Limpopo Province. In this practice, crops are planted by broadcasting without any definite row arrangement. This practice is easy and cost-saving to farmers but not productive in that the planting density is low and it does not permit free movement and application of farm inputs. The system is also unproductive because it guarantees low yield and poor return on investment. However, there is a novel cropping system that is worthy of being tested in the drought prone area of Limpopo and this is system is Strip intercropping. In strip intercropping crops are planted with definite row arrangement which reduces inter-species competition, optimizes plant population, and increases crop yield. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity traits of five improved pigeonpea varieties under a pigeonpea-maize strip intercropping system in comparison with mixed intercropping system. The study was conducted during cropping seasons of 2016-18 at Ga-Thaba, South Africa using five pigeonpea varieties (ICEAP 001284, ICEAP 00604, ICEAP 87091, ICEAP 00661 and ICEAP 01101-2) and maize. The experiment was laid using split-plot design with three replicates during two seasons (Year 1 and Year 2). Agronomic traits measured include days to flowering, maturity, plant height, number of pods per plant, grain and land equivalent ratio (LER). Results indicate that significant interactions were obtained between the pigeonpea varieties and the cropping systems in most of the traits or variables measured. Pigeonpea sown in the strip intercropping achieved greater performance in terms of early maturity, grain yield and land equivalent ratio as compared to those sown in mixed intercropping. The LER mean values of strip intercropping were double and triple folds during Year 1 and Year 2, respectively over the mixed intercropping. ICEAP 001284 and ICEAP 01101-2 exhibited more consistent grain yield during both two seasons and are therefore recommended for registration and commercialization. Strip intercropping is more productive cropping system than the mixed intercropping and is therefore recommended for adoption by farmers as a cropping practice in Limpopo Province.
13. T. T. H. HOANG*, D. T. DO1, T. M. VU, H. T. P. DO AND R. W. BELL [Double pot technique for assessing deficiencies of potassium and sulfur on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) production in the sands of South-Central coastal Vietnam]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 85-91 (2022). University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung street, Hue city, Vietnam *(e-mail : htthoa@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
The modified double pot technique could rapidly assess nutrient limitations for plant growth in the soil. This technology could be utilized in Vietnam and other parts of Asia to conduct systematic soil screenings in order to predict nutrient deficits and manage nutrients appropriately for long-term agricultural development. The double-pot experiments with peanut as a test plant were conducted in the spring season of 2019 in Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam to identify limiting nutrients for peanut growth on different sandy soils. Two experiments with twelve treatments per site, including three factors (2 sandy soil types, 2 soil layers, and 3 nutrient solutions), were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that peanut plant dry matter and shoot nutrient concentration responses in the double-pot experiment had the lowest values of K nutrient omission in all studied sandy soil types (1.7-2.5 g/plant and plant K< 0.16%; plant S<0.02%). By this technique, the nutrient-limiting nutrients in the peanut sandy soils were identified as K>S. Further research is needed to develop integrated nutrient management approaches to overcome these deficiencies and also minimise the cost of inputs.
14. Ariharasutharsan G, Parameswari C*, SANDHIYA V, MURUGAN E and Vanniarajan C [Effect of gamma ray and gamma ray + EMS combination treatment on M1 and M2 generations of white seeded sesame (Sesamum indicum)]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 92-99 (2022). Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics Agricultural College and Research Institute (TNAU) Madurai-625 104, Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail : parameswari.c@tnau.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
Sesame is an important oil seed crop containing high amount of edible oil along with nutritional quality. A wide range of colours is observed in the sesame seeds ranging from white to black. White seeded sesame has huge demand in confectionary market besides the oil market. However, yield level of sesame is low compared to other oilseed crops. Improvement of sesame in terms of yield and quality is only possible by utilization of genetic variations. The present investigation was conducted at Experimental Farm, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai during 2018 and 2019 to create novel genetic variations using gamma ray and combination of gamma ray + EMS as mutagens. The white seeded sesame variety VRI 3 was treated with gamma ray viz., 300 Gy, 350 Gy, 400 Gy and gamma ray + EMS combination treatments viz., 300 Gy + 10 mM, 350 Gy + 10 mM and 400 Gy + 10 mM. In the first generation, the mean performance for morphological and physiological traits decreased with increase in dose of mutagens; while biochemical traits increased at lower doses and reduced at higher doses. High effectiveness for chlorophyll mutants was recorded in 400 Gy gamma ray treatment. Gamma ray treatments were found to induce higher number of macro mutants than combination treatments. From this study it is concluded that biochemical traits get enhanced in lower doses of gamma ray treatment and gamma ray treatment is more suitable for induction of viable mutants than combination treatments.
15. Tesfa Imenu, B. C. Nandeshwar, kinde Lamessa* and Tolera Abera [Response of soybean (Glycine max) varieties ‘Katta’ and ‘Korme’ to NPS fertilizer rates at Western Ethiopia]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 100-109 (2022). Bako Agricultural TVET College Oromia Regional state, Bako, Ethiopia *(e-mail : klamessa@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
“Katta” and “Korme” soybean varieties were released for high yields, better stability performance and higher contents of oil and proteins. Currently, introduced blended fertilizer have not been tested for these varieties which can possibly reach the potential when provided in optimum. Therefore, this study was aimed to conduct the response of soybean varieties to NPS fertilizer rates at Western Ethiopia during 2019 to 2020 cropping season. The treatment consists of two varieties of soybean (“Korme” and “Katta”) and six rates of NPS (0, 50, 75,100, 125 and 150 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that, nodule parameters were highly influenced (P<.001) by the main effect of NPS chemical fertilizer levels. Higher grain yield (2390 kg/ha) was obtained from application of 100 kg NPS/ha and there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between varieties on the grain yield. Therefore, both varieties of soybean with the application of 100 NPS kg/ha is suggested for the farmers of the study area. For future work, it is recommended to go studies the agronomic demonstration under farmers’ field, the nutritional quality of soybean for oil and feed for poultry.
16. Kim Hao Thi DINH* and Kazuto SHIMA** [Effects of forest reclamation methods on soil physicochemical properties in North-Central Vietnam]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 110-118 (2022). Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Department of Environmental Ecology Okayama University 2-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan **(e-mail : ittetsu@okayama-u.ac.jp)
ABSTRACT
Globally, forest loss is happening because of timber harvesting, agricultural expansion, wildfires, mining extraction and service transportation networks via roads. This study was conducted during 2016 to 2019 at Ngoc Lam Commune, Thanh Chuong District, Nghe An Province, Vietnam on the effect of forest reclamation methods (FRMs), including the slash-and-burn method (SBM), the clear-cutting method (CCM), and agricultural cultivation methods on the interaction of soil physicochemical properties across the study area. To conduct this study, soil samples were collected in natural forest areas in the study area. The results indicated that the bulk density (BD) of the natural forest soils across the study area ranged from 0.86 to 1.12 g/cm3 at depths varying from 0 to 60 cm from the surface. The concentrations of total carbon (T-C), exchangeable potassium (Exch. K+), and exchangeable magnesium (Exch. Mg2+) in the deeper layer were normally lower than in the upper layer. Forest reclamation using the CCM influenced the increase of the BD at depths varying from 0–20 cm, but the soil texture remained same, while forest reclamation applying the CCM showed an increase in the BD in the plots depending on the land-use management (LUM). Based on these findings, LUM has a significant influence on the concentration of Exch. Ca2+, Exch. K+, Exch. Mg2+, and T-C compared to FRMs across the North-Central Vietnam.
17. Natalia Nikolaevna Ivanova, Dmitry Ilyich Ivanov*, Nadezhda Alexandrovna Zamotaeva and Julia Nikolaevna Nedayborshch [Influence of the after effect of the main tillage methods on the water properties of the alluvial soil]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 119-125 (2022). Ogarev Mordovia State University 68 Bolshevistskaya Str., Saransk, 430005, Russia *(e-mail : ivanov_d-m@list.ru)
ABSTRACT
The issue of tillage is one of the most important in agricultural farming since it directly affects the quality of crops. Therefore, this paper presents the materials of scientific research on the change in the parameters of the water properties of the alluvial soil depending on the influence of the aftereffect of the methods and the depth of the primary cultivation. The research was conducted at the production fields of the Teplichnoye JSC in the Oktyabrsky District (Republic of Mordovia, Russia) during 2018 to 2020. The main method of the study is a field one-factor experiment in triplicate. It was found that deep plowing in the second year of aftereffect improved the water properties of the subsurface soil horizon; namely, the total, capillary, and minimal moisture capacity had increased compared to traditional plowing. Subsoiling reduced the reserves of productive soil moisture before the growing season of spring wheat and increased its water consumption since in those variants the plants used moisture at a lower rate. The minimum water consumption was observed in the variants with moldboard plowing at depths of 26-28 and 32-34 cm, and the maximum water consumption was noted after subsoiling and plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm. Concerning the conditions of this region, the study has substantiated the most effective combination of depth and method of tillage and their influence on the water properties of the soil in the aftereffect. There is a lot of data on the influence of different cultivation methods on the hydrophysical properties of soils, but the preservation of their effect for subsequent years has practically not been studied.
18. ALEKSEY L. BAKUNOV*, NADEZHDA N. DMITRIEVA, SERGEY L. RUBTSOV AND ALEKSEY V. MILEKHIN [Characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum) genotypes for resistance to abiotic environmental stress factors]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 126-132 (2022). Samara Federal Research Scientific Center RAS Samara Scientific Research Agriculture Institute named after N.M. Tulaykov, 41 K. Marx St., Bezenchuk 446254, Samara oblast, Russia *(e-mail : ale171758@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The optimal variety choice for each specific region is one of the main factors influencing the productivity increase and improving the quality of the table and seed potato. It is necessary to cultivate varieties that combine the maximum adaptability to abiotic environmental factors and high field resistance or immunity to various phytopathogens. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify varieties and hybrid material of potatoes of various genetic and geographical origin with high resistance to high air temperatures and insufficient moisture. The research was conducted during April and May 2021 at the laboratory of biotechnology of agricultural plants of the Samara Scientific Research Agriculture Institute named after N. M. Tulaykov – branch of the SamSC RAS, Bezenchuk vil., Russia. The maximum average productivity was characterized by medium-early varieties Krasa Meschery (32.3 t/ha), Debut (27.8 t/ha) and Sudarynya (26.2 t/ha) and medium-ripe varieties Utro (29.4 t/ha), Siversky (32.2 t/ha) and Alaska (31.0 t/ha). It is shown that in conditions of arid climate, medium-early and medium-ripe potato varieties with genotypes of intensive and neutral type have an advantage in yield over varieties of other varieties. The interrelation of morphological features of the aboveground part of the potato plant with the yield of tubers is established. It is shown that in conditions of high air temperature and insufficient humidification, varieties with a high rate of green mass growth in the period from 50 to 60 days from planting and with a high number of stems per plant can have an advantage. he obtained results can be used in breeding work for heat resistance and drought resistance for a quick preliminary assessment of a significant amount of hybrid potato material at the initial stages of the breeding process, as well as one of the stages of a comprehensive study of new varieties.
19. Kim Hao Thi DINH* and Truong An DANG** [Utilizing the abundant solar radiation for optimizing the planting space of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) var. Rita under greenhouse conditions]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 133-138 (2022). Institute of Biochemical Technology and Environment Vinh University, 182 Le Duan Str., Vinh City, Nghe An Province, 70000, Vietnam (e-mail: *haodtkim@vinhuni.edu.vn; **dtan@hcmus.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Solar radiation plays an important role in plant growth through the photosynthesis process and especially in plants grown under greenhouse conditions where the photosynthetic light source is reduced compared to plants grown under natural conditions. An increase in sowing density where the abundant solar radiation source as the study area is considered as an enhanced solution for optimizing crop productivity in the context of growing world food demand. The aim of the study is, therefore, to determine the optimal sowing density (OSD) of tomatoes grown in a greenhouse under the Smart Control System (SCS) to monitor irrigation amount and environmental factors. The work was deployed with seven different sowing densities varying from 25000 to 50000 cuttings/ha at household farming in Don Duong district of Lam Dong province, Vietnam, lasting from the end of January to the mid of June 2020. An auto irrigation system is installed under the plastic mulches to provide water amounts varying from 1.0 to 1.3 L/h depending on actual weather conditions and each growth stage. The analysis shows that between the tested densities, 25000 cuttings/ha is enhanced sowing density of optimal market productivity (180 t/ha) while other tested densities obtained larger diameter and weight per fruit, but the market productivities were significantly lower. Through experiment can confirm that with the abundant solar radiation and the use of a Smart Monitoring System, a density of 25000 cuttings/ha could enhance a novel cultivation solution for the tomato plants to contribute optimal market production with increased economic efficiency.
20. Aruna Olasekan Adekiya*, Jerry Femi Ayeni, Adeniyi Olayanju, Charity Aremu, Oghenerobor Benjamin Akpor, Abiola Folakemi Olaniran, Wutem Sunny Ejue, David Izuchukwu Ndupuechi and Omowumi K. Suleiman [Potentials of soilless substrates from biochar and rice husk as a replacement for cocopeat in Nigeria on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 139-148 (2022). College of Agricultural Sciences Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, Kwara state, Nigeria *(e-mail : adekiya2009@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Increase in the number of screen house cultivation practices has a fear for escalation in the cost of cocopeat coupled with lower return rate or benefit/cost ratio. Therefore, a study was conducted during 2019 at the Landmark University, Kwara State, Nigeria to evaluate the potentials of biochar and rice husk combinations to replace cocopeat as a soilless substrate on tomato. The treatment consisted of (1) Rice husk (RH) 100%, (2) Cocopeat (CP) 100%, (3) Biochar (B) 100%, (4) RH + CP 70/30%, (5) RH + B 70/30%, (6) RH + CP 50/50%, (7) RH + B 50/50%, (8) CP + B 50/50%, (9) CP + B 70/30% and (10) soil 100%. The treatments (substrates) were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design replicated four times under screen house conditions. The results of this study revealed that soilless media (CP, RH and B alone and combinations) reduced bulk density and increased water holding capacity (WHC), pH, CEC, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, root weight, and fruit weight of tomato relative to the soil. CP has higher WHC, plant growth and yield parameters, mineral, TS, and TSS values and lower bulk density relative to other substrates/combinations and soil but similar to RH + CP 50/50. The yield differences between CP alone and RH + CP50/50, RH + B50/50, B alone, CP + B 70/30, RH + B 70/30, CP + B50/50, RH + CP70/30, RH alone and soil were 4.5, 10.8, 47.3, 58.1, 72.3, 109.7, 110.9, 143.6 and 484.3%, respectively. The soil has higher mineral contents relative to other substrates combinations except for CP. Therefore, RH + CP 50/50 is recommended, but based on the economic analysis, RH + B 50/50 has the highest benefit/ cost ratio and therefore recommended as a good substitute for expensive cocopeat.
21. Serik Kenenbayev, Gulvira Yessenbayeva, Yeldos Zhanbyrbayev, Rakhiya Yelnazarkyzy, Rashit Nurgaziev, Kalamkas Seitkadyr, Karlygash Muzdybayeva and Ainur Seilkhan* [Adaptation of Serbian winter pea (Pisum sativum) varieties in the foothills zone of southeast regions of Kazakhstan]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 149-155 (2022). Kazakh National Agrarian Research University Abai Avenue building No. 8, 050010, Almaty, Kazakhstan *(e-mail : ainura_seilkhan@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
In recent years, a large number of varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops of domestic selection with a good yield potential have been allowed for use in production. However, their widespread introduction into production did not lead to a steady increase in yield. This study presents the adaptation of Serbian winter pea varieties “NS Moroz”, “Partner” and “Kosmaj” was conducted during the 2020-21 in the conditions of the foothill zone of the southeast of Kazakhstan. The Kazakhstan variety of spring peas Shal (Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Crop Production) recommended for use in the Almaty region was selected as the standard (control). Good winter hardiness (86%), lodging (4.6 points), structural indicators of the yield and the maximum grain yield (37.2 c/ha) were recorded in the winter pea variety of the Serbian selection of the grain direction “NS Moroz”. In the winter pea variety of the fodder direction “Kosmaj”, winter hardiness was 89% and lodging – 3.0 points, and a high yield of green and dry matter was obtained, respectively 267.7 and 86.9 c/ha. According to the results of the study, the varieties “NS Moroz” of the grain direction and “Kosmaj” of the fodder direction were selected, which are recommended for further introduction into production in the south-east of Kazakhstan. Furthermore, an assessment of varieties of winter peas should be carried out to identify the most productive and valuable for a number of economically valuable traits, followed by a recommendation for their introduction into production.
22. Munqez J. Y. Shtaya* and Tawfiq Qubbaj [Effect of different soilless agriculture methods on irrigation water saving and growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 156-162 (2022). Department of Plant Production and Protection Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, Palestine *(e-mail : mshtaya@najah.edu)
ABSTRACT
Environmental stresses such as low soil moisture and soil nutrient deficiency are among the main causes of low crop productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. Soilless cultivation is intensively used in protected agriculture to improve control over the growing environment and avoid uncertainties in the soil’s water and nutrient status, leading to better result in water use efficiency, while maintaining the quality of the yield. Therefore, this study was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, An Najah University, Palestine, during 2016-17 growing season to investigate the effects of three soilless culture systems compared to agricultural soil growing media on yield and water use efficiency of lettuce crop under greenhouse cultivation. Four different growing media were investigated; pure soil serves as a control, pure volcanic tuff (VT), peat moss perlite mixture (2:1 v/v) and the nutrient film technique (NFT) (hydroponic) and their effect on the growth and productivity of lettuce were monitored. Results showed no significant differences in lettuce crop fresh weight and total fresh weight produced per unit area (m2) within the different growing media tested. In contrast, the different growing media significantly influenced the water use efficiency (WUE) values. Peat moss-perlite mixture and the nutrient film technique (NFT) media resulted in the highest WUE and can save water remarkably, with an irrigated water saved ranging from 94 to 123%, respectively. Overall, results suggest that the NFT hydroponic system is the most efficient system for water-saving and water use efficiency.
23. F M JAMIL UDDIN*, AB RAZZAK MOLLA, MD. HARUN RASHID, SHUBROTO KUMAR SARKAR, MD MASUDUL KARIM, MD ROBIUL ISLAM AKONDO, MD ARIFUL ISLAM, SHAHIN IMRAN AND NEWTON CHANDRA PAUL [Influence of nitrogen levels on yield of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under different irrigation regimes]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 163-171 (2022). Department of Agronomy Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *(e-mail : jamil.bau@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The proper irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer management are crucial for sustainable and potential production of French bean as a legume crop overall favoring human nutrition. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during November 2018 to April 2019 at Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University to assess the impact of irrigation and nitrogen at the yield performance on French bean. The stages of irrigation viz., no irrigation, one irrigation during flowering at 40 days after sowing (DAS), two irrigations during flowering (40 DAS) and pod formation stage (60 DAS), and three levels of nitrogen viz., no nitrogen fertilizer, 90 kg N/ha at 100% basal application, 45 kg N/ha at 50% basal application and 45 kg N/ha at 50% pod development stage (60 DAS) were utilized in a Split-plot layout allocating irrigation to the whole plots. The treatments were replicated three times. Yield and yield attributes were appreciably influenced by both irrigation and nitrogen treatments. From irrigation treatment, the highest plant, quantity of pod/plant, length of pod, number of seed/pod, number of seed/plant, weight of 1000 grains, stover yield, biological yield and harvest index were observed in one irrigation at flowering stage at 40 DAS which consequently produced the best grain yield (2.07 t/ha); while the least grain yield (1.48 t/ha) found in control or no irrigation treatment. Considering nitrogen, the best seed yield was recorded in (45+45) kg nitrogen/ha. In interaction, the highest plant (42.87cm), number of pod/plant (5.64), length of pod (15.24), weight of 1000 grains, grain, stover, and biological yields (2.52, 3.76, and 6.29 t/ha, respectively) and the harvest index were observed in one irrigation during flowering (40 DAS) and 90kg N/ha at 50% (45 kg) basal application and 50% (45 kg) at pod development stage (60 DAS). The experiment results indicated to the scope of increasing the yield of French bean by irrigation at flowering stage and proper doses of nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, the application of one-time irrigation during flowering stage along with 90 kg nitrogen/ha at 50% (45 kg) as basal and 50% (45 kg) at pod development stage (60 DAS) can be recommended as the promising technique for French cultivation.
24. Agus Yadi Ismail, Toto Supartono, Cecep Kusmana, Yayan Sumekar*, Sukron Aminudin, Yayan Hendrayana and Ai Nurlaila [Phenology of flowering and fruiting of Calliandra (Calliandra spp.) species in submontane forest, Indonesia]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 172-179 (2022). Forestry Study Program, Faculty of Forestry Universitas Kuningan, Kuningan, West Java, Indonesia *(e-mail : yayan.sumekar@gmail.com; agus.yadi@uniku.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
The phenology of flowering and fruiting by predicting the correct timing of flowering and fruiting can be the basis of a national park area management strategy in controlling invasive alien species such as Calliandra (Calliandra sp.). The research was conducted from June – September 2020 to determine the phase and phenology of flowering and fruiting of red Calliandra (C. calothyrsus) and white Calliandra (C. portoricensis). Direct field observations using purposive sampling method with characteristics of trees in a state of flowering based on the four cardinal directions and altitude, the analysis used is the average difference test or t test. The results showed the phenological period for red Calliandra (C. calothyrsus) was 97-125 days and white Calliandra (C. portoricensis) 72-101 days which occurred in June – September. Red Calliandra phenological periods (C.calothyrsus) and white Calliandra (C.portoricensis) were not significantly different between the variable direction (0.912 and 0.707) and variable heights (0.924 and 0.800). Therefore, Calliandra (Calliandra sp) can growth at an altitude up to 1.700 meters above sea level and is also able to adapt to shade through avoidance and tolerance mechanisms.
25. Kristina Shevchenko*, Malek Hubaish Walli, Mukhriddin MU Madumarov, Rami Ben Hmida and Abdullah AS Naji [Influence of growth regulators on the formation of main indicators of photosynthetic activity in amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) varieties]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 180-185 (2022). Departmenet of Ecologoy and Plant Protection Dagestan State Agricultural University, Makhachkala, Russia *(e-mail : tamara-ast@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
Three year field experiments were carried out at a location with a temperate semi-arid climate condition on the comparative productivity of Amaranth cultivars Kizlyarets (standard variety), Valentina, Iriston on moderately saline meadow-chestnut soils of the Terek-Sulak sub-province of Dagestan, against the background of presowing treatment with growth regulators Albit and Potassium Humate. The studied cultivars provided sufficiently high indicators of the leaf surface area and net productivity of photosynthesis in the variant with the Albit-regulator, 47.6, 49.6 and 51.4 thousand m2/ha and 1.91, 1.97 and 2.01 g/m2 per day, respectively. Compared with the control data and the variant with the potassium humate regulator, they increased the productivity of photosynthesis by 2.6, 4.2, 4.0, 0.8, 1.0, 1.4 and 29.9, 31.3, 32.2, 1.0, 1.5, 1.0%, respectively. The maximum data of photosynthetic activity were observed on crops of the Iriston variety. So on an average, according to the variants with growth regulators, the leaf area was at the level of 50.5 thousand m2/ha, with 47.1 and 48.8 thousand m 2 /ha in plots with varieties Kizlyarets and Valentina, respectively. The net productivity of the Iriston variety was 1.52 g/m2 per day, in the control (non treated), 2.01 g/m 2 per day – against the background of the use of the regulator Albit and 1.99 g/m2 per day – when treated with the potassium humate regulator. Low values, in the range of 1.47 to 1.91 g/m2 per day, were recorded for the standard variety. The data for Valentina occupies an intermediate position. Higher photosynthetic potential was attained by the Iriston variety when the growth regulator Albit was applied.
26. Aruna Olasekan Adekiya*, Charity Aremu, Adeniyi Olayanju, Wutem Sunny Ejue, Ibukun Elizabeth Olayiwola, David Izuchukwu Ndupuechi, Omowumi K. Suleiman and Babatunde Ajiboye [Response of quality, yield and growth of amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus) and soil chemical properties on application of organic and inorganic nutrients]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 186-196 (2022). College of Agricultural Sciences Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, Kwara state, Nigeria *(e-mail : adekiya2009@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Poultry manure (PM) is limited by large quantity required for large scale vegetable production, to avert this problem, integrating inorganic (urea) with organic (PM) fertilizers is recently been advocated. Hence, two field experiments were carried out in years 2016 and 2017 at Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria to evaluate the effects of sole and integrated applications of poultry manure (PM) and urea fertilizer (UF) on soil chemical properties, growth, yield and quality of green Amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus). The study was laid out in 2 × 4 × 4 factorial experiment with two years (2016 and 2017), four levels of PM (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N/ha) and four levels of UF (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N/ha) application. The sixteen treatment combinations were arranged in a randomized complete block design having four replications. Results showed that UF and PM alone or their integration improved soil organic matter (OM), N, P, K, Ca, Mg (urea alone did not increase OM, P and K significantly), yield and growth indices, minerals (urea alone only increased leaf N), moisture, fibre, protein, dry matter, ash and reduced fat content of Amaranthus leaves compared with the control. Although fresh plant weight /plot (yield), plant height, leaf N and moisture contents of Amaranthus increased up to 120 kg N/ha, for both sole UF and PM (yield was 280 kg in 2016 and 310 kg in 2017 for PM while yield for UF was 250 kg in 2016 and 247 kg in 2017, plant height was 0.75 m in 2016 and 0.81 in 2017 for PM while UF was 0.67 m in 2016 and 0.65 m in 2017, Leaf N was 2.98% in 2016 and 3.41% in 2017 for PM while UF was 2.50% in 2016 and 2.44% in 2017, moisture content was 87.60% in 2016 and 90.20% in 2017 for PM and 86.4% in 2016 and 89.60% in 2017 for UF), soil and leaf K, Ca and Mg, ash, protein, dry matter and fibre were increased only up to 80 kg N/ha for PM and 40 kg N/ha for UF. This levels (80 kg N/ha for PM and 40 kg N/ha for UF) correspond to the optimum level for the production of quality Amaranthus in the agro ecological zone or similar soil elsewhere. For improving the overall quality, integrating UF at 40 kg N/ha with PM at 80 kg N/ha is recommended.
27. D. H. TRAN*, T. G. NGUYEN AND N. H. BUI [Efficacy of the extract from pongam (Pongamia pinnata) leaves against the cassava pink mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero) under laboratory conditions]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 197-201 (2022). Faculty of Agronomy, University of Agriculture and Forestry Hue University. 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue City, Vietnam *(e-mail : tdanghoa@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
The cassava pink mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a native of South America, have been one of the most serious pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in the world. Conventional control of this pest is dependent on synthetic chemical insecticides. This study was carried out at Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Vietnam during 2020 – 2021 to determine the efficacy of leaf extract from Progamia pinnata against the cassava pink mealybug. The efficacy of pongam leaf extract was more efficacious against the first instar than the second instar of P. manihoti, and was according to the evaluation time. After ten days treatment, the efficacy of the leaf extract against first and second instars of P. manihoti was 100% and 50.0, 73.3, 66.7% at concentrations of 2.0, 1.8 and 1.4%, respectively. Therefore, pongam leaf extract can be recommended for protection of the cassava pink mealybug.
28. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Molecular characters of Dechloromonas, a bacterium associated with peanut and nematode from North West Province, South Africa, using 16S rDNA]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 202-205 (2022). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Dechloromonas is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile bacterium. Colonies on (aerobic) nutrient agar plates are circular and have a yellow color. Dechloromonas includes several species that can be a risky pathogenic bacterium to the peanut plants, impacting the peanut yield. This study was conducted to isolate and identify Dechloromonas bacterium from a peanut field and a free-living bacterium, Acrobeles complexus, in North West, South Africa. The molecular study was carried out in 2017 at the North West University to identify the bacterium associated with nematode and peanutfield from South Africa’s soils using 16S rDNA marker extracted using the chelex method. The bacterium was identified as Dechloromonas. Afterward, 16S rDNA was amplified using specific primers to identify the nematode. The Nblast analysis showed South African Dechloromonas has 94% similarity with a population from South Korea (MK226314). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as Dechloromonas in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species is identified using 16S rDNA properly. However, using other DNA markers to better understand Dechloromonas phylogeny is recommended.
29. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Evaluating the efficiency of Chelex 100 for DNA extraction in pomegranate (Punica granatum)]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 206-210 (2022). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Pomegranate is a widely distributed species in many tropical and subtropical regions. Pomegranate is consumed as fresh fruit or raw material to produce various products such as juice, syrup, jams, and wine. DNA extraction is a critical way to study the genetic diversity and phylogeny of the pomegranate species. Hence, chelex is an accessible and safe method to extract the DNA of pomegranate. So far, chelex was not used for DNA extraction in this plant and therefore it has been evaluated for DNA isolation in South African pomegranate for the firs time. This study was carried out at Genetic lab at the University of Limpopo during 2021to compare the two different extraction DNA methods from pomegranate (P. granatum). The DNA from the pomegranate was extracted using Chelex 100 “method 1” (whole night incubation at 56°C) and “method 2” (Ten minutes incubation at 95°C) using the fresh leaves of the pomegranate. For this purpose, four samples of P. granatum from northen parts of South Africa were studied. Quantitative and qualitative parameters were assessed using a spectrophotometer. The PCR reaction with primers for 28S were used on all samples to confirm and evaluate the extracted DNA. The results for the spectrophotometer indicated that the highest quality of extracted DNA was in “method 2” (1.45-1.69). However, the protein (1.41-1.52 mg/mL) was detected through “method 1” in the tested samples. The qualitative and quantitative tests for PCR processing realised that the total DNA extracted using “method 2” had improved quality than “method 1”. Amplification of samples using 28S rDNA primer showed a higher concentration and purity of DNA extracted using “method 2”. In conclusion, both methods yield enough DNA, however, “method 2” yielded higher quality DNA in a less time.
30. SANTOSH D. T. AND SAGAR MAITRA* [Effect of drip irrigation and plastic mulch on yield and quality of ginger (Zingiber officinale)]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 211-219 (2022). Centre for Smart Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management PO: R. Sitapur, Paralakhemundi, Odisha-761211, India *(e-mail : sagar.maitra@cutm.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
The yield enhancement in ginger, an important spice cum medicinal crop, can be obtained by scientific water management strategies. For maximizing the water productivity with reduced losses drip irrigation can be adopted along with plastic mulching. Considering the above, a field study was conducted during 2020-2021 at the Centurion University of Technology and Management (CUTM), Odisha, India under drip irrigation with plastic mulch targeting precise quantification of irrigation water requirement for ginger. There were eight treatments with different irrigation levels and plastic mulch considered in the study and laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Irrigation water requirement of the crop was determined using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith model. Greater plant height (108.2 No.), number of tillers (13.2 No.), number of leaves (108.2 No.), number of rhizomes (10.5 No.), length of rhizomes (7.9 cm) and weight of rhizomes (433.3 g) and yield of ginger (32 t/ha) were found with the 100% irrigation water requirement along with the plastic mulch. The above results were followed by the results of the treatment irrigating with 80% of crop water requirement using drip irrigation along with plastic mulch. The study revealed that 80% of estimated irrigation water applied (267.4 mm) using drip and plastic mulch could be recommended to obtain higher productivity of ginger.
31. Dang-Minh-Chanh Nguyen*, Thi-Hoan Luong and Woo-Jin Jung [Effects of accession and spacing on the essential oil yield and yield components of Holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum)]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 220-228 (2022). Field Crops Research Institute Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VAAS), Vietnam *(e-mail : ndmchanh75@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. have been tested and demonstrated to have very effective antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiinflammatory and painrelieving properties. The effects of accession and spacing on the growth, development, and essential oil yield and quality of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. in Vietnam were evaluated from 2019 to 2021. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with five accessions (V0: Hanoi, V1: HaNam, V2: LaoCai, V3: BinhDinh, and V4: DakLak) and three spacings (S1: 40 × 40 cm, S2: 40 × 50 cm, and S3: 40 × 60 cm). All trials were performed twice with three replicates per treatment. A remarkable variability in the effects of accession and spacing on essential oil yield and yield components were observed. The highest dried biomass was recorded in the V1S1 (8.08 t/ha) and V1S0 (7.76 t/ha) treatments, whereas the lowest dried biomass was recorded in the V4S2 treatment (5.19 t/ha). The highest essential oil content was recorded in the V1S1 and V1S2 treatments (1.19%), and the highest essential oil yield was recorded in the V1S1 treatment (74.17 kg/ha). Therefore, accessions from HaNam cultivated at the spacing of 40 × 50 cm were selected as the best accessions and spacing. Further studies at various locations and across different seasons will give better recommendations for optimal localities.
32. Kamlesh Joshi, Pratima Kotadiya, Akansha Singh, Gaurav Shrimali and Esha Rami* [Effect of different pre-treatments on seed germination and seedling growth of Adenanthera pavonina]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 229-234 (2022). Department of Biotechnology Parul Institute of Applied Science Parul University, Vadodara-391760, Gujarat, India *(e-mail : esha.rami82036@paruluniversity.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
Adenanthera pavonina is an important medicinal plant, popularly known as a red-bead tree. Due to its impermeable seed coat, seed show physiological dormancy. The present study aimed to carry out providing basic information on the best pre-treatment that will be helpful in breaking dormancy. Different parameters were used to treat seed dormancy. Seeds were subjected to pre-sowing seed treatment methods in pot viz., treatment with acid (KNO3, HCl, H2SO4), organic solution (cow dung, cow urine, slurry), and growth regulators (GA3, NAA, IAA, IBA, BAP). The result of the study showed that germination percent was very low in a control condition, higher germination percentage (75%) and seedling length was found in seed soaked for treatment with cow dung slurry for 48 hours, and lowest germination rate and shoot length was found in IBA. These results indicated that seeds treated with different parameters has proved to be an effective technique to improve seedling grown and survival percentage compare to conventional seed germination methods.
33. Nguyen Phuoc Minh* and Dang-Khoa Nguyen [Cooking quality attributes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) noodle substituted by different carbohydrate sources]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 235-242 (2022). Institute of Applied Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail : nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Rice noodle is well-known cuisine in Vietnam and other Asian countries. The dough is blended in kneading drum to create sheet. The sheet is partially steamed to semi-gelatinization of starch and is passed through the cutting rolls to form noodle strands before serving in fresh or noodle dried forms. In order diversify rice noodle products; manufacturers could partially substitute rice flour by other carbohydrate sources. This research was conducted at STNanotech laboratory in 2021 to evaluate the possibility of rice noodle preparation by partially replaced rice flour (8-24%) with tato, potato, cassava, yam, and breadfruit flour. The mixture was also blended other ingredients such as 0.5% sodium chloride, 0.3% sodium carbonate, 1% carrageen and 7% water in kneader for 25 min to ensure a thorough distribution of all ingredients. The mixture was then rolled at least 8 times by a noodle rolling equipment. The formed noodle sheet was cut in long shape (Width × thickness × length, 2.5 × 1.5 × 200 mm). The raw noodle was evaluated for cooking quality characteristics such as moisture uptake, cooking attrition, volume expanse and hardness. Results showed that rice flour could be substituted by 16% breadfruit flour to achieve the best cooking quality characteristics such as moisture uptake (120.77±1.59%), cooking attrition (3.75±0.12%), volume expanse (150.69±1.41%), hardness (8.18±0.15 N). Breadfruit flour could be successfully utilized to substitute rice flour in the rice noodle production.
34. Nguyen Phuoc Minh* and NGUYEN THI LIEN THUONG [Synergistic effect of certain pre-storage chemicals on the quality attributes of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) fruit]. Res. on Crops 23 (1) : 243-251 (2022). Institute of Applied Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail : nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Rambutan is one delicious fruit popularly cultivated in tropical regions. Its quality goes down rapidly within few days in storage and distribution. Due to its high perishability, it’s necessary to extend its shelf life by ensuring the minimal changes of physicochemical characteristics. Calcium chloride, 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and salicylic acid have been demonstrated to be effective in pre-storage treatment for fruits and vegetables. There was not any research mentioned to the incorporation of these agents on rambutan fruit to verify the synergistic effect. This research was conducted at STNanotech laboratory in 2021 to evaluate to observe the quality attributes of pretreated rambutan fruit during 15 days of storage at ambient temperature. Rambutan fruit was submersed 2 minutes in different solutions: (1) fresh water only as control, (2) 2 mM salicylic acid, (3) 2% CaCl2 , (4) 2µL/L 1-MCP, (5) 1 mM salicylic acid + 1% CaCl2, (6) 1 mM salicylic acid + 1µL/L 1-MCP, (7) 1% CaCl2 + 1µL/L 1-MCP, (8) 0.5 mM salicylic acid + 0.5% CaCl2 + 0.5µL/L 1-MCP. The pretreated samples were drained 5 minutes on racks to remove excess water. These fruit groups were then individually packed in polyethylene boxes (14 × 6 × 4 cm, length × width × height) at ambient temperature for 15 days. In 3 day-interval, samples were taken to determine weight loss, firmness, decay index, total soluble solid, vitamin C, total phenolic content. Results suggested that the combination of 0.5 mM salicylic acid + 0.5% CaCl2 + 0.5µL/L 1-MCP was beneficial to delay fruit weight loss, softening, decay while maintaining total soluble solid, vitamin C and total phenolic content of rambutan fruit during storage by limiting the cell wall decomposition and the cell wall enzymatic hydrolysis.
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