Volume 23, No. 2 (June, 2022)
1. SHAMS SHAILA ISLAM*, ABU CHISTIA ARAFAT, AHMED KHAIRUL HASAN, THANET KHOMPHET AND RASHED KARIM [Estimating the optimum dose of nitrogen fertilizer with climatic conditions on improving Boro rice (Oryza sativa) yield using DSSAT-Rice crop model]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 253-260 (2022). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh *(e-mail : shaila.hmdstu@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh using the DSSAT-Rice crop model for estimating the nitrogen fertilizer dose of the rice varieties BRRI dhan 28, BRRI dhan 29 and BR16. Three different varieties such as CL448, Basmati-515 and KS-282 were used to calibrate the model. The research used 2 years (2020-2021) weather data and soil data of different layers (0-60 cm). Four different nitrogen fertilizer treatments i.e., nitrogen (N) @ 50 kg/ha; N @ 100 kg/ha; and N @ 150 kg/ha along with control (no nitrogen) were used for running the simulation process. Result showed that BRRI dhan 29 was the best performed variety and the yield was 6000 kg/ ha @ 150 kg/ha N fertilizer treatment. In addition, 1:1 graph showed highest simulated grain yield observed 6050 kg/ha with 150kg/ha N fertilizer treatment for BRRI dhan 29. RMSE, nRMSE and d stat values showed tiller number, grain weight, leaf area index and harvest index had excellent performance with the simulated data for the 150 kg N fertilizer treatments. The study revealed that DSSAT crop model could be useful to estimate optimum N dose to obtain the best variety with climate changing.
2. ACHMAD FATCHUL AZIEZ* [Nutrient uptake and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) applied with mycorrhizal fungi using different doses of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 261-266 (2022). Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Tunas Pembangunan, Surakarta, Central Java 57135, Indonesia *(e-mail : achmad.aziez@lecture.utp.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Rainfed rice fields in general often lack water and nutrients that are difficult for their roots to reach. The Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) fungus can assist in absorbing water and nutrients to increase the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. The purpose of this study was to determine the uptake of N, P, and K nutrients and the yield of rainfed lowland rice applied with VAM at different doses of N and P. This study was conducted in rainfed rice fields in Demangan, Central Java, Indonesia, during 2019. This research was laid out in completely randomized block design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was nitrogen with a dose of 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg/ha, while the second factor was phosphorus at 0, 25, 50, and 75 kg/ha. The results showed that VAM could increase the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and increase yield using N and P fertilizers at 90 kg/ha and 75 kg/ha, respectively. This research shows that the use of N and P fertilizers at 90 kg/ha and 75 kg/ha, respectively, is sufficient to cultivate rainfed rice applied with mycorrhizal fungi. Based on the discussion, it can be concluded that the application of mycorrhizae is beneficial in rainfed rice cultivation because it can suppress the use of N and P fertilizers by increasing the uptake of N, P and K nutrients and increasing yields. In addition, in rice cultivation in rainfed rice fields, it is better to use mycorrhizae.
3. Zagipa Sapakhova*, Azhargul Irkitbay, AIGUL Madenova** and GULNUR Suleimanova [Mitigation effect of salicylic acid on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stress]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 267-275 (2022). Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology Almaty, Kazakhstan (e-mail : *zagipa_z@mail.ru; **madenova.a@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
Salicylic acid (SA) is a promising phenolic compound to increase plant tolerance to drought stress, and it can affect many aspects of physiological (enzyme activity) and biochemical processes (proline content) of plant. The effects of salicylic acid under drought stress on wheat were evaluated in the vegetation stages in the greenhouse of Washington State University (Pullman, USA) during 2019. The leaves of wheat treated by salicylic acid. The degree of soil moisture was measured during the experiment by soil moisture sensors. Antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined on the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th days of drought stress. On the 8th day, the APX activity in the Drought, and Drought+SA groups were observed a higher level, which made up 0.26, and 0.24-fold, respectively. The highest CAT activity was observed in the Drought+SA group and made up 0.14-fold On the 9th day, The GPX activity in the Drough+SA-treated group was 2 times higher than in the other groups. The highest level of SOD activity was 1.8-fold in the Drought+SA group and two times higher than irrigation control. In contrast, SOD activity decreased in the treated groups than Irrigation control (6th day). The results showed that the application of SA was effective on activities of APX, CAT and GPX to determine whether SA may have a role in the regulation of antioxidant defense in plants under drought stress were investigated. Therefore, use of SA can adopted to alleviate drought stress in by wheat growing farmers as a solution to combat climate change.
4. A. A. PITONYA, V. N. PITONYA, A. V. SOLONKIN, A. V. GUZENKO AND E. V. SEMINCHENKO* [Selection of the starting material with winter soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for selection for virus resistance]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 276-281 (2022). Federal Research Center of Agroecology Integrated Land Reclamation and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences 400062, Volgograd, 97 Universitetskiy Ave., Russia *(e-mail : eseminchenko@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
In the Volgograd region, in the dry-steppe, and especially in semi-desert zones, favorable hydrothermal conditions for obtaining maximum yields are not so often – about 20% of the years, but in these years, as a rule, various diseases, including viral ones, cause significant damage to the crop. Field and laboratory research was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of breeding, seed production and nursery breeding of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, located in the Kamyshinsky district, in the right-bank zone of the Volgograd region, in 2019/20. Samples of the world collection of VIR were studied, by origin they were presented from: Russia – 132 pcs., Kazakhstan – 10 pcs., USA – 8 pcs., Ukraine – 8 pcs., Poland – 3 pcs. and one – Belarus and Japan. Collection samples were sown in a wide row, with a row spacing of 0.45 cm, with a cassette seeder SKS – 6 – 10, the area of the plot for each sample was 1 m², the number of plants on five rows of the experimental plot was 300 pcs. Collection samples were studied and evaluated in accordance with methodological guidelines, assessment of resistance to various diseases on a 5-point scale, cleaning by pulling out plants. The resistance to the harmfulness of plants was evaluated in the field during the phase of milky-waxy ripeness. To determine the harmfulness of viruses, each sample was divided into healthy and affected plants, the ratio of healthy plants to damaged plants was calculated, followed by an analysis of their elements of the crop structure. A biometric analysis of plants was carried out, which included a sample of 30 plants and the determination of: plant height (cm), ear length (cm), the number of spikelets – total and including developed (pcs), the number of grains and the weight of grain from the ear (pcs). Of the varieties of local breeding, Kamyshanka 3 and Kamyshanka 5 showed relative stability. With a viral lesion, in tolerant varieties, the greatest decrease in plant productivity structure elements was observed by the grain weight of the main ear – 27.9% (due to a decrease in the number of grains -27.5%) and the grain weight of side shoots – 49.6%, in susceptible varieties, complete plant death was observed.
5. Sukhareva E. P. and Belikina A. V.* [Yield and quality of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties under dry conditions of Volgograd region of Russia]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 282-287 (2022). Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (FSC of Agroecology RAS), Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail : belikina-a@vfanc.ru)
ABSTRACT
The achievement of high-quality grain requires the improvement of production technologies. The choice of a variety adapted to natural conditions and arid climate is defined as an innovative component in the intensive technology for the production of high-quality grain for the food supply of the population. Agricultural producers of the Volgograd region take part in solving the problem of providing the world’s population and, in particular, Russians with high-quality winter wheat grain. The Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Volgograd, has been working on obtaining new varieties of grain crops in arid regions for more than 30 years. Producers of winter wheat grain are presented with the results of a comparative assessment of winter wheat varieties bred by the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, field trials, which were carried out during 2019-2021. in arid conditions of the range on chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region. For a comparative study of the yield and grain quality of winter wheat varieties, varieties selected by the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences were taken for study. The structure of the crop was determined by the method of selection and analysis of sheaves from plants. The quality of the crop was determined with an InfraLUM FT-10 grain analyzer. Among the tested varieties of winter wheat, the Elanskaya variety was singled out, which outperforms the others in terms of yield and grain quality with a protein content of 15.5%, gluten 30.1%, and virtuousness 85%. The grain content of the Elanskaya variety is 13 g/l higher than that of the control variety Don 93.
6. L. P. Rybashlykova*, S. Yu. Turko and M. V. Vlasenko [Production potential of wheatgrass (Elytrigia repens) as influenced by weather conditions, varieties and methods of sowing in the regions of southern Russia]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 288-294 (2022). Federal Research Centre of Agroecology, Amelioration and Protective Afforestation of Russian Academy of Sciences 400062 Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail : Rybashlykova-l@vfanc.ru)
ABSTRACT
In recent years, droughts have become more frequent in the south of Russia, which has affected the yield of forage crops on pastures and hayfields. Wheatgrass is a perennial cereal plant, a fodder crop, characterized by high productivity and durability, contains a lot of nutrients in the feed mass, more than other cereals, resistant to pests and diseases, frost and drought resistant, grows well on steppe saline soils. The present study was conducted during 2015-2019 at Federal Research Center for Agroecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia with an aim to assess the productive potential of wheatgrass plants depending on the variety, the method of sowing and the weather conditions of the growing year in the conditions of the arid zone. In this study, various varieties of wheatgrass were studied (wheatgrass medium variety Stavropol 1, wheatgrass elongated variety Stavropol 10, wheatgrass elongated variety Salt Marsh). The study was laid out in randomized block design with a factorial arrangement of 2 × 4 with three seeding methods (solid with the number of plants 245 pcs/m2 and wide-row, 45 cm with the number of plants 150 pcs/m2 and wide-row, 70 cm with the number of plants 150 pcs/m2 in a triple repetition. The yield of wheatgrass and the protein content in the green mass were determined depending on the factors studied. The data obtained showed that in arid conditions in the south of Russia, weather conditions had the greatest impact on the productivity of wheatgrass plants (their share of influence reaches 70%), while the yield of green phytomass varied from 4.0 to 9.4 t/ ha, depending on the varieties and the method of sowing. The yield of wheatgrass and the protein content in the green mass were determined depending on the factors studied. The data obtained showed that in the arid conditions of the south of Russia, weather conditions had the greatest impact on the productivity of wheatgrass plants (their share of influence reaches 70%), while the yield of green phytomass varied from 4.0 to 9.4 t/ ha, depending on the varieties and method of sowing. Thus, it was proved that the largest yield of phytomass of wheatgrass is formed in wide-row crops with a height of 70 cm with an increase in yield by 2.3 t/ ha or by 32% compared to conventional continuous sowing tomass of wheatgrass is formed in wide-row 70 cm crops, with an increase in yield of 2.3 t / ha or 32% compared to conventional continuous sowing.
7. Malek Hubaish Walli*, Zina Al-Jubouri, Mukhriddin MU Madumarov, Myrnenko Margaryta and Ahmed Abdalbare Abdiee Aldibe [Genetic and environment diversity to improve wheat (Triticum spp.) productivity: A review]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 295-306 (2022). Department of Agrobiotechnology Institute of Agriculture, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia *(e-mail : Malek_h88@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
The article dealt with studies that indicated the influence of genetics and environmental factors under the current environmental variables, which are the main motive for researchers to find new genetic sources tolerant of those changes in order to reach an ideal yield for the crop. The aspects addressed in the article through previous studies that mentioned the factors that limit wheat productivity, which is the environmental aspect represented by biotic and abiotic factors (drought, salts, heat, pathogens and microorganisms) through many studies that have proven to have an impact on on wheat growth and production, whether these effects were on the root system or the vegetative total, all studies confirmed that they have a significant impact on the yield of the crop, despite the knowledge of the genetic history of the cultivated variety. The future environmental impact of agriculture on the looming threat to yield sustainability comes from climate change-induced fluctuations in weather patterns because severe weather events cause serious damage to crop production. Future practical strategies aim to study and know (genotype, environment, phenological traits, GWAS and QTL mapping) to increase crop productivity thus meeting the demand of a growing population. Breeding and genetic modification are very important techniques when it comes to improving wheat production under changing environment pressures because the world is witnessing an increase in population and therefore needs food under changing climatic conditions and declining cultivated areas. The method of measuring the quantity of yield was mentioned by weighing 1000 grains or in units of measurement of kilograms per hectare.
8. Valeri M.*, Roberto M. and Dmitriev B. [Determination of physiological maturity of four quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) varieties for introduction in the Russian Federation]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 307-312 (2022). Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing Research Institute of Selection and Seed Production of Vegetable Crops – VNIISSOK Address: 143080, Moscow region, Odintsovo city district, VNIISSOK settlement st. Selektsionnaya, 14, Moscow oblast, Russian Federation Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia *(e-mail : 1072188115@rudn.ru)
ABSTRACT
Due to its high agricultural and nutritional potential, interest in quinoa has increased in recent years, making it a diversification alternative for agriculture in Russia. Therefore, it is necessary to have new varieties that adapt in the sowing season, with good agronomic characteristics. The quinoa a cultivated plant is an allotetraploid of 36 chromosomes, means that it has two copies of two different genomes (A and B) indicating their allelic richness, with various varieties. Therefore, it is necessary to study statistically for the determination of such phenotypic and genotypic variations in quinoa varieties. Based on this, the present research was carried out during 2021 in the experimental plot in The Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing (FGBNU “FNTSO”), Moscow, Russia to study ripening of grain. Four varieties were grown in an experimental area of 40 m2 and divided into twelve experimental units. Therefore, to determine this statistical variable (from sowing to physiological ripening of grain in days), it is necessary to evaluate the germination and vegetative phases. All varieties germinated on April 20, 2021. The beginning of flowering (days) and length of panicle (cm) were also recorded in all varieties of quinoa. The NPK fertilizer was applied to all varieties at the rate of 16% / 2.5 kg. The optimal grain filling was considered as the ripening stage of the grain. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was applied for the study of variations in 4 varieties of quinoa (1. Purple, 2. Lilac, 3. Green and 4. Robust green) through 4 repetitions. The results showed significant differences between varieties 1, 3 and 4. The varieties 1 (Purple) and 3 (Green) with physiological maturity at 132 and 133 days, respectively being semi early varieties, which represented 50% of plants in the experimental plots. The variety 4 (Robust green) with physiological maturity at 163 days being a late variety represented 15% of plants in the experimental plot. The introduction of the quinoa in Russia is very important where there are variations in weather during growing season. For quinoa cultivation, only 4 months are available in the spring and summer seasons in Russia. The climate begins with light rains in the month of May followed by strong radiation during June, featuring drought in the month of July, ending with the harvest in the month of August. The key factor for successful cultivation of quinoa in Russia is to adapt early varieties of quinoa of Peruvian origin.
9. G. V. V. S. N. SWAMY, TANMOY SHANKAR*, SAGAR MAITRA, RAHUL ADHIKARY, SUBHASHISA PRAHARAJ AND MASINA SAIRAM [Influence of nitrogen management on productivity, nutrient uptake and efficiency of summer maize (Zea mays)]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 313-320 (2022). M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management Parlakahemundi-761211, Odisha, India *(e-mail : tanmoy.shankar125@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Maize an important cereal is highly influenced by nitrogen application. Moreover, non-judicious use of nitrogenous fertilizer is not only costly but also harmful to agroecosystem. Considering the above facts, a field experiment was designed at the Agriculture Farm of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India during summer of 2020-21 to find out the impact of nitrogen management on growth and productivity of maize. The experiment was consisted of eight treatments, namely, 150% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), 125% RDN, 100% RDN, 75% RDN, 50% RDN, leaf colour chart (LCC) based application and Control. The treatments were laid out in completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications. The maize hybrid considered was Bioseed 9544. The treatment with 150 % RDN recorded superior results in terms of yield attributes, viz., number of cobs per plant (1.7), length of the cob (17.5 cm), weight of the cob (180.6 g), cob girth (48.6 mm), grain per cob (356.6) and 100 seed weight (22.1 g). Also, the treatment showed better results in terms of grain yield (7.95 t/ha), nutrient content in grain and straw (1.61 and 0.51), nitrogen uptake and available nitrogen in post-harvest soil. The treatment comprised of LCC based nitrogen application also resulted in better performance in expression of all the parameters, but it was statistically at par with 150% RDN and 125% RDN. The results clearly indicate that nitrogen optimization in maize can be done by using precision tool (LCC) to obtain optimum yield and nutrient uptake by the crop.
10. Abdela Tufa* Adugna Hunduma and B.C. Nandeshwar [Response of maize (Zea mays) to different row arrangement and plant geometry of intercropped sesame (Sesamum indicum) in Fincha Valley, Western Ethiopia]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 321-330 (2022). Department of Plant Sciences Wollega University, P.O. Box 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia *(e-mail : abdelatufa2014@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
One way to feed alertly increasing world population is through improving sustainable production and productivity per unit of land. Cereal/legume intercropping practice increase productivity and enhance land use efficiency. However, issue about identification of planting pattern and geometry of associated crop is highly important. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during 2020 in Fincha valley to assess the response of maize crops to the inter-row arrangement and intra-spacing of intercropped sesame on yield, yield components, and productivity of the intercropping. The study was conducted using randomized complete block design combining four-row arrangements (1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 2:2) and three intra-spacing of intercropped sesame (10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm) with three replications. The main effect of row arrangement significantly influenced the number of kernels/cob and the harvest index of maize. The highest number of kernels/cob (491.5) and harvest index (35.31%) were obtained from the 2:1 row arrangement. A combination of intra-spacing of intercropped sesame 20 cm with 2:1 row arrangement resulted in the highest ear weight (265.8 g). A row arrangement 1:1 at 20 cm intra-spacing resulted in the highest above-ground biomass (24.21 t/ha) and grain yield of (8.39 t/ha). Maize under (2:1 × 15 cm) produced the highest thousand kernels weight (428.1 g). In system evaluation, the intercropping system gave a greater value of LER (1.11) indicating 11% land-use efficiency over sole cropping. Therefore, growing of maize with sesame at row arrangement of 1:1 in combination with 20 cm intra-spacing of sesame was recommended for the study area.
11. Most. Monira Yesmin, Md. Harun-Or Rashid, Tanjila Alam Prosun, Nazmul Alam Khan, Md. Julfiker Haider, Shubroto Kumar Sarkar and Swapan Kumar Paul* [Growth, yield and seed protein content of Faba bean (Vicia faba) subject to seed inoculation by its root nodulating rhizobial strains]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 331-338 (2022). Department of Agronomy Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *(e-mail : skpaul@bau.edu.bd)
ABSTRACT
Faba bean (Vicia faba L) is a protein rich legume crop which capable to fix atmospheric nitrogen in association with rhizobium bacteria. Present study was conducted to evaluate symbiotic effectiveness of isolated rhizobial strains by pot experiment at field conditions. Experiment was conducted during 2019-2020 at the Bangladesh institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Bangladesh. In this study sixteen rhizobial strains with two controls were used as treatments named Faba-1, Faba-2, Faba-3, Faba-6, Faba-8, Faba-9, Faba-10, Faba-11, FM-1a, FM-4a, FM-4b, FM-4c, FM-4f, BL-129, BL-153, BL-640, control-1 (without nitrogenous fertilizer and rhizobial strain) and control-2 (nitrogenous fertilizer without rhizobial strain) were used. Different parameters related to growth and yield viz., chlorophyll content, number of nodules/plant, nodule dry weight and dry matter weight plant-, Number of branches/plant, Number of pods/plant, Number of seeds/pod and 100-seed weight were higher in the inoculation with Faba-2 compared to others. Subsequently, the highest seed yield (7.33 g/plant) and protein content (33.63%) were found from inoculation with Faba-2 followed by FM-1a and Faba-10. Among the tested rhizobial strains, 66.67% strains showed better performance over absolute control while 44.4% strains showed high performance than nitrogenous control and only 27.74% showed lower performance than two control due to the “selfish character” of rhizobia. So, the strain Faba-2 appears as the promising strain to use as bio-fertilizer as the means of restoring soil fertility and reduction of the use of chemical nitrogenous fertilizers in Faba bean cultivation in Bangladesh.
12. Kim Hao Thi DINH* and Kazuto SHIMA** [Assessment of physico-chemical parameters of primaeval forest soil in Thanh Chuong District of Nghe An Province, Vietnam]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 339-346 (2022). 1Department of Environmental Ecology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University 2-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan (e-mail : *haodtkim@vinhuni.edu.vn ; **ittetsu@okayama-u.ac.jp)
ABSTRACT
The physicochemical features of soil (PFOS) play an important role in the growth process of flora and vegetative diversity of the primaeval forests. The PFS in the primaeval forest belonging to Thanh Chuong District in Nghe An Province, Vietnam was investigated during 2016-2019 to assess the fertility and productivity status of the soils. To deploy this work, ninety-six soil samples at eight random locations from twenty-four sampling plots represented the upper, middle, and lower of the study area were analyzed for soil texture (ST), bulk density (BD), pH, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and exchangeable cations (ECs) (K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+). Texturally, the soils were clay loam to sandy clay with average percentages of sands around 41%, silts 19%, and clay 40% while the bulk density of the soils was 0.83-1.41%. The acidic to slightly acidic soil pH (4.01-4.82) and high TN (0.95 -2.66 g/kg) and TP varies from 0.06 and 0.18 g/kg. Correlation analysis of the physicochemical parameters was conducted using the Pearson correlation test in R programming. Analysis showed that the variation in the texture of silt content among the soil depth was minimal.
13. Denny Kurniadie*, Uum Umiyati and Ria Angelina Silaban [Effectiveness of napropamide herbicide controlling weeds on a golf course in Tropical Indonesia]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 347-354 (2022). 1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia *(e-mail : denny.kurniadie@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Weeds existence interferes with the quality, aesthetics, and growth of golf course grass. Napropamide is a herbicide used to control broadleaf and grass weeds. Therefore, field experiments were employed during 2021 at Bandung Giri Gahana Golf Course, Jatinangor District, Sumedang Regency, West Java to determine effects of applying the herbicide in controlling weeds and on the growth of golf course grass. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design was used with six treatments, each of which was replicated four times. The treatments included manual hand weeding, a control, and different doses of Napropamide 50%, namely 6.75, 9, 11.25, and 13.5 kg/ha. The results showed that the herbicide Napropamide 50% with the dose of 6.75 kg/ha until 13.5 kg/ha were effectif to control grass weeds such as Eleusine indica, Panicum repens, Digitaria ciliaris and broad leaves weeds such as Cleome rutidosperma, Amaranthus viridis, Portulaca oleracea, up to 12 weeks after herbicide application without causing toxicity to golf course grass.
14. Elena Seminchenko* and Sukhareva E. P. [Change of soil under the trends on light valued soils in the Volgograd regions of Russia]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 355-362 (2022). Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Irrigation of the Russian Academy of Sciences” Universitetskiy Prospekt, 97, 400062, Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail : eseminchenko@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
As a result of the research, optimal criteria for agrophysical indicators of fertility of light chestnut soils for grain crops were determined while minimizing tillage. The purpose of the research: to study the effect of treatments on agrophysical and agrochemical indicators on light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region. The research was carried out in 2016-2020 in the fields of the Institute of Agriculture in conditions of dry farming. Accounting and observations were carried out in accordance with the recommendations on methods of conducting observations and research in the field. Water-physical indicators: humidity in %., density in g / m³ – according to the Kaczynski method, the volume of the cutting ring is 100 cm³, in three times repetition to a depth of 0-100 cm. Structural and aggregate composition of the soil according to Savinov. It was found that the higher content of nutrients in steam fields is mainly during non-fallow tillage, in some years, which has optimal moisture availability, and a control (dump) variant in comparison with lower indicators for surface treatment in all years of research and amounted to: nitrogen – on fallow -7.53-9.03, dump – 7.79-8.24 and surface – 5.93-6.87 mg/100 g of soil; the phosphate regime of light chestnut soil was affected by the use of minimal treatment (according to the background of the surface) thus, its increase occurred from 5.93 to 8.22 mg/100 g of soil; for potassium – 36.78 mg/100 g of soil, surface – 36.02 mg/100 g, dump – 35.11 mg/100 g of soil. For comparison, the article presents the results on the accumulation of NPK, when using a direct seeding system, i.e. NO-TILL without the intervention of mechanical tillage. Moisture reserves in the autumn-winter period in the meter layer of soil varied depending on the reception of tillage and amounted to: 69.3 mm for dump treatment, 75.7 mm without dump and 62.6 mm surface. On the black steam, by the time winter wheat was sown in the 0-30 cm soil layer, moisture reserves were: 10.7 for dump, 12.1 for dumpless and 6.3 mm for surface treatment, and in the meter layer it was 44.2, 53.8 and 32.4 mm, respectively.
15. Hassan Abu Qauod*, Raed Alkowni2 and Munqez J. Y. Shtaya [Meristems culture for virus irradiation in potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars in Palestine]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 363-369 (2022). 1Department of Plant Production and Protection Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, Palestine *(e-mail : hassan@najah.edu)
ABSTRACT
Potato production is highly affected by viral diseases such as potato virus X (PVX) and potato virus Y (PVY) which can be overcome by establishing a reproducible meristem culture protocol for the production of virus-free potato plants. This study was conducted during 2017 and 2018 on two potato cultivars “Spunta” and “Alaska Red” in Palestine. The tubers were subjected to reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) for detection of virus infection. The infected tubers for both cultivars were incubated, and after sprouting, meristems-tips were isolated and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. After four weeks, developed shoots were cultured on MS media supplemented with different rates of three hormonal combinations (0.54 µM NAA; 0.54 µM NAA + 1.0 µM TDZ; 0.54 µM NAA + 2.2 µM BA; 0.54 µM NAA + 2.3 µM Kinetin; 0.54 µM NAA + 1.0 µM TDZ+ 2.2 µM BA + 2.3 µM Kinetin). The results showed that maximum shoot multiplication was observed when NAA at 0.54 µM was combined with 1 µM TDZ (2.85 and 2.55 shoots) in both “Spunta” and “Alaska Red” cultivars, respectively. Higher shoot length and leaf number were obtained when NAA was combined with either BA (2.2 µM) or Kinetin (2.3 µM) in both cultivars. In vitro multiplied shoots were rooted and acclimatized successfully. Neither t PVY nor PVX viruses were detected by RT-PCR on the RNA extracts from the tested in vitro grown samples.
16. NGUYEN PHUOC MINH* AND NGUYEN THI LIEN THUONG [Effect of various technical variables on quality attributes of purple water yam-based snack]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 370-374 (2022). Institute of Applied Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail : nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Purple water yam was a good source of important nutrients and functional components. However, it is highly perishable after harvesting. In order to improve its economic value, purple water yam could be processed into formulated snack. This research was conducted at STNanotech laboratory, Soc Trang province, Vietnam in 2021 to evaluate different technical variables such as purple water yam/ rice flour ratio, water incorporation, temperature/time in frying to the quality attributes of the purple water yam-based snack. Purple yam paste was mixed with rice flour at different ratios (90/10, 85/15, 80/20, 75/25, 70/30). Varying ratios of water (10-18%) along with 0.5% salt and 2.0% sugar were tested for frying temperature and time in edible cooking oil (170/1.0, 165/1.5, 160/2.0, 155/2.5, 150/3.0 oC/min). Snack was evaluated for expansion, water holding capacity, hardness and overall acceptance. Results showed that ratio of purple water yam/ rice flour (90/10), 14% water in blending, 170/1.0 (oC/min) of temperature/time in frying were appropriate to achieve the high expansion, water holding activity, overall acceptance and adequate hardness of snack. From snack production, the added value of purple water yam would be enhanced.
17. V. D. NGUYEN AND D. H. TRAN* [Response of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) to cow dung compost in central Vietnam]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 375-379 (2022). 1Faculty of Agronomy, University of Agriculture and Forestry Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue City, Vietnam *(e-mail : tdanghoa@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Okra an important vegetable crop is fairly high in vitamins and minerals and is eaten raw and present in everyday dishes of Vietnam. Nowadays, organic farming is a trend which fetches higher value for farmers while is also safe from chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Organic cultivation of okra though cow dung is yet to be explored before adoption. The field experiment was conducted in the winter-spring season of 2020 at Huong An commune, Huong Tra town, Central Vietnam to investigate the effects of levels of compost made from cow dung on the growth, yield of okra plants and soil property. Five different doses of cow dung compost (0, 2, 4. 6, 8 tons/ha) were applied to the soil. Growth, yield components and yield were investigated. The results indicated that cow dung compost had a positive effect on the growth and yield of okra. The application of 6 and 8 tons of cow dung compost recorded the highest pod yields of 6.5 and 6.6 tons/ha, respectively. The soils decomposed with cow dung compost resulted in increased organic matter content thus improving the soil physical and chemical properties. Cow dung compost may be recommended to farmers for organic okra production.
18. Shoumika Binte Shafiqe, Rayhan Ahmed, KawsAr Hossen, Akhinur Shila, Kazi Ishrat Anjum, Sabia Khan and Mohammed Nuruzzaman,* [Foliar fertilization of micronutrients on the performance of zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo) under the Old Meghna Estuarine Floodplain of Bangladesh]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 380-392 (2022). Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Science Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh *(e-mail : nzaman.ag@nstu.edu.bd)
ABSTRACT
Zucchini squash is a popular vegetable linked to many health benefits. Micronutrients although used in a small quantity, play a significant role for optimal plant growth and development however, little is known about foliar feedings of micronutrients on this crop. Therefore, the current research was conducted during 2020 to evaluate foliar micronutrient treatments viz., boron (B), zinc (Zn), silicon (Si), chlorine (Cl), and their combination on growth and yield-related attributes of ‘zucchini squash cv. Surma F1’. The 12 micronutrient treatments were untreated control, 0.2% boron, 0.2% ZnSO4, 0.2% SiO2, 0.2% NaCl, 0.2% boron + 0.2% ZnSO4, 0.2% boron + 0.2% SiO2, 0.2% boron + 0.2% NaCl, 0.2% ZnSO4 + 0.2% SiO2, 0.2% ZnSO4 + 0.2% NaCl, 0.2% SiO2 + 0.2% NaCl, and mixture of 0.2% boron + 0.2% ZnSO4 + 0.2% SiO2 + 0.2% NaCl. Eight out of 16 parameters viz., stem length (38.94 cm), stem diameter (3 cm), number of leaves (25.64), length of the largest leaf (30.24 cm), length of plant canopy (133.65 cm), number of marketable fruits (6.54), yield plot-1 (18.76 kg) and total yield ha-1 (46.89 tons) was meaningfully influenced with the foliar spray of the treatments whereas the combination of 0.2% boron and 0.2% ZnSO4 was found to relatively be better regarding growth and yield-related attributes of zucchini squash. The results suggest that foliar spray of micronutrients might play significant role in zucchini production.
19. PARVAZE AHMED MALIK, SACHIN KISHOR* AND KULVEER SINGH YADAV [Response of various plant growth regulators on growth, yield and yield attributing traits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) cv. Heemsohna under protected structure]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 393-398 (2022). School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh-140406, Punjab, India *(e-mail : sachin10kishor@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Tomato is universally treated as “Protective food” because of powerful antioxidant associate with lower risk of cancers, heart and related disease. Plant growth regulators play an important role in increasing the growth, yield as well as quality of the produce if applied in suitable forms and at appropriate concentrations. Therefore, an experiment was carried out during 2020-21 in polyhouse of School of Agriculture Science and Technology, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, India to evaluate the response of various plant growth regulators on growth, yield and yield attributing traits of tomato cv. Heemsohna under protected structure. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with ten treatments and three replications. The treatment combinations are of GA3 (25, 50 and 75 ppm), IAA (25, 50 and 75 ppm) and NAA (25, 50 and 75 ppm). The results highlighted that, the growth, flowering and fruiting parameters like plant height (181.14 cm), number of branches per plant (22.56), inter-nodal distance (11.06), stem diameter (3.07 cm), leaf length (15.40 cm), leaf width (11.99 cm), days of first flowering (46.78 days), number of cluster per plant (11.11), number of flowers per plant (30.11), number of fruits per plant (3.48), weight of three fruit (194.82 g), yield (3.48 kg/plant and 31.35 kg/plot), polar diameter (4.80 cm) and equatorial diameter (5.23 cm) were significantly increased by the foliar application of GA3 @ 50 ppm. Thus, on the basis of present study it may be concluded that the foliar application of GA3 @ 50 ppm has been proved best for growth, flowering, fruiting and yield of tomato under protected structure.
20. NIKHIL AMBISH MEHTA*, SAVITA AND MONISHA RAWAT [Economic analysis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar grown in different soilless substrates under protected conditions]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 399-406 (2022). Department of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Jalandhar-144411, Punjab, India *(e-mail : dr.nikhil.hdo@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Protected cultivation has great potential in northern India, where the extreme temperature, unpredictable heavy rainfall and problematic soil conditions have affected the year around availability of tomato crop in the different agro climatic zones of the region. Therefore, this study was conducted under protected structure at Hi-Tech Vegetable Centre, Bir Charik, Moga, Punjab during two seasons in 2018 and 2019 with an objective to standardize the best economical growing media and tomato cultivars in Punjab. The experiment was conducted with 6 promising tomato cultivars (viz., Heemshikhar, 2853, NS-4266, Punjab Gaurav, Punjab Sartaj, Punjab Swarna) under poly-house structure. Six different media substrate treatments [Soil as control, Cocopeat only, Cocopeat+ Vermicompost in ratio {(2:1, v/v) & (3:1, v/v)}, Cocopeat + Vermiculite + Perlite in ratio (3:1:1, v/v) and (6:1:1, v/v)] were used. The soil is the most economical growing media for growing all the cultivars, but in the case of problematic soils (saline soils/soil borne insect-pest problems), the soilless substrate can be a better option for commercial cultivation of tomato. The maximum B:C ratio (0.80) was recorded in cultivar (P3) which was statistically significant than check cultivar (P1). The maximum B:C ratio (0.93) was recorded under Soil only (M1), followed by (0.74) under media combination (M3) cocopeat + vermicompost (2:1, v/v) which was statistically significant than all other treatments. The economic yield of NS-4266 was (608 q/acre) higher in the soilless growing media (M3) with the combination of Cocopeat + Vermicompost (2:1, v/v) for tomato cultivation in Punjab, whereas the soilless growing media Cocopeat + Vermiculite + Perlite in the ratio (6:1:1, v/v) can be exploited for further research experiments.
21. Nawaf Abu-Khalaf* and Basel Natsheh [Effect of different hormones on rooting development of Schefflera arboricola plants]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 407-412 (2022). Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie (PTUK), Tulkarm P.O. Box 7, Palestine *(e-mail : n.abukhalaf@ptuk.edu.ps)
ABSTRACT
The use of rooting hormones is important and appropriate for the rooting of Schefflera arboricola. This study was conducted at Palestine Technical University, Kadoorie (PTUK) in 2020 to find out the optimum hormone rooting on the cuttings of Schefflera arboricola. Three treatments with four replicates were used in a fully randomized system. Compared to the regulated cuttings, all the used hormones improved rooting. In most cases best rooting results were obtained with Schefflera arboricola cutting treated with T8 powder as follows: the effect of T8 hormone average values for the three stages (i.e., after 15, 23 and 30 days) were 8.5, 12.5 and 18.1 g, respectively, while for CFP gel hormone values were 3.3, 6.1 and 9.6 g, compared to the control values 1, 1.8 and 3.7 g. It could be concluded that the powder hormones were more efficient than the liquid ones.
22. Nguyen Phuoc Minh* [Influence of temperature and pressure in vacuum drying of Crinum latifolium flower bulb]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 413-417 (2022). Institute of Applied Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail : nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Crinum latifolium flower bulb has excellent medicinal value due to its phytochemical components, especially alkaloids. These alkaloids have attracted considerable attention due to their interesting pharmacological properties. Vacuum drying is an important process for dehydration of highly heat-sensitive materials. This research was conducted at STNanotech laboratory, Soc Trang province, Vietnam in 2021 to evaluate the influence of drying temperature and vacuum pressure to the phenolic composition and the antioxidant capacity of Crinum latifolium flower bulb. Raw flower bulbs were dried under vacuum dryer at different temperature (40oC, 45oC, 50oC, 55oC, 60oC) and pressure (-0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1.0 bar) for 4 hours and were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), diphenyl picrylhydrazyl content (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) content (ABTS). Results showed that vacuum drying at 40oC at a vacuum pressure -0.8 bar would retain retained the highest total phenolic content (244 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoid content (123 mg QE/100 g), DPPH free radical scavenging (109 µg/mL), ABTS radical scavenging activity (1.96 mM TE/g) of the dried flower bulb. From vacuum dehydration, the fresh Crinum latifolium could be converted into one kind of herbal tea with numerous health benefits.
23. Simbo Diakite*, Elena Pakina, Meisam Zargar, Ahmed Abdalbare A diRe AldAibe, Parpura Denis, Lapshin GREGORY and Abdullah Behzad [Yield losses of cereal crops by Fusarium Link: A review on the perspective of biological control practices]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 418-436 (2022). Department of Agrobiotechnology Institute of Agriculture, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia *(e-mail : 1042215234@pfur.ru)
ABSTRACT
Fusarium wilt caused by 58 species is one of the most common fungal diseases causing both quantitative and qualitative losses in all cereal regions around the world. Thus, F. graminearum is the most dominant species on wheat and barley, F. verticilloides on maize, F. fujikiroi on rice and F. thapsinum on sorghum. The use of biological methods seems promising because of their high efficiency in terms of economy, ecology, and disease control. In addition, the key to successful biocontrol is to choose a strong biocontrol agent first. However, the main objective of the work is to make a bibliographical synthesis to facilitate the choice of various practice to control of Fusarium wilt. A complete study was carried out on 180 published literatures during the period 2000-2021, of which 30% were published from 2000-2011 and 70% from 2012-2021. Among 55 genera, strains of genus Trichoderma, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces reduced Fusarium wilt on average by 72.97, 51, 51.77 and 33.36% in greenhouse tests and 56.82, 42.83, 51.51 and 34.91% in the field, respectively. C. rosea, T. harzianum, P. fluorescens and B. subtilis reduced Fusarium on average by 70.33, 74.16, 51.77 and 49.95% in greenhouse tests and 62.55, 48.72, 56.62 and 49.30% in the field, respectively. In conclusion, this literature review gathers promising biocontrol agents to control Fusarium species in cereals. Finally, we point out that it would be necessary to take into account the number of repeated uses of biocontrol agents during the cereal production cycle, which is lacking in the literature.
24. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Molecular characters of Serratia marcescens, a bacterium associated with spinach rhizosphere in Limpopo Province, South Africa, using 16S rDNA]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 437-441 (2022). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Serratia is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile bacterium. Colonies on (aerobic) nutrient agar plates are circular and have a dark red to pink. Serratia includes several species that can be a dangerous pathogenic bacterium to the vegetable crops, impacting the spinach yield. This study isolated and identified Serratia bacterium from a spinach field in Limpopo, South Africa. The molecular study was carried out in 2022 at the University of Limpopo to identify the bacterium associated with spinach from South Africa’s soils using 16S rDNA marker extracted using the Chelex method. The bacterium was identified as S. marcescens. Afterward, 16S rDNA was amplified using specific primers to identify the bacterium. The Nblast analysis showed South African S. marcescens had 99% similarity with a population from South Korea (MH127785), and Brazil (MN082049). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as S. marcescens in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species is identified using 16S rDNA properly. However, using other DNA markers to understand S. marcescens phylogeny better is recommended.
25. VLADIMIR YA. ISMAILOV, MARINA V. PUSHNYA*, EKATERINA G. SNESAREVA, ALEXANDR A. KOMANTSEV AND ALEXANDRA A. TSYGICHKO [Evaluating a newer nuclear polyhedrosis virus strain against the cotton moth Helicoverpa armigera on soybean (Glycine max)]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 442-448 (2022). 1Laboratory of Chemical Communication and Mass Breeding of Insects Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection 1 VNIIBZR str., Krasnodar, 350039, Russia *(e-mail : pushnya.m.v@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
Soybean is one of the economically significant crops in the world and is cultivated over a large area in Krasnodar Krai (Russia). In recent years, the harmfulness of the cotton moth Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has significantly increased for soybeans. The use of chemical insecticides leads to formation of resistance which can be prevented by bioinsecticides based on entomopathogenic baculoviruses. The aim of this research was to compare the biological efficacy of the Russian strains of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of cotton moth (CM) and the viral biological product Helicovex CK (Switzerland) and was conducted during 2020-2021. The treatment of the phytophage caterpillars and the comparison of the productivity of experimental strains, determined by the number of polyhedra formed per caterpillar were carried out under laboratory and field conditions. The experiments showed that the efficiency of the strain NPV CM M isolated from the caterpillars of the cotton moth selected on the tomato crops of the Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection in the laboratory and field did not significantly differ from the efficacy of the biological product Helicovex CK and amounted to 84.3-92.4%. In addition, the strain NPV CM M was distinguished by higher productivity and greater adaptability to storage in dried form than the strains NPV CM – 17 and NPV CM – 18. The productivity of the strain NPV CM M was 2.4-2.8 x 1010 polyhedra per one caterpillar, and the efficacy after one year of storage was 55.0%. The conducted studies revealed the possibility and prospects of using the Krasnodar strain.
26. MEHRNOUSH AMINISARTESHNIZI* [Molecular characters of parasitic nematode (Hemicycliophora typica) associated with eggplant (Solanum melongena) using 28S rDNA from regions of South Africa]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 449-452 (2022). Aquaculture Research Unit, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa *(e-mail : mehrnoush.aminisarteshnizi@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Solanum melongena is the sixth most important vegetable worldwide. In recent years, eggplant production has been increasing. Therefore, study about plant diseases in this plant is important. One of the most important diseases in eggplant is plant-parasitic nematodes. Therefore, this molecular study was conducted in 2021 at the University of Limpopo to identify the plant-parasitic nematodes identified from South African soil causing yield loss in eggplant. The recovered nematode was extracted using the tray method, and then its DNA was extracted using the Chelex method. Afterward, 28S rDNA was amplified using specific primers to identify the nematode. The Nblast analysis based on the large subunit ribosomal DNA showed 99% similarity with a population of Hemicycliophora typica (KF430515) from South Africa. In addition, phylogenetic analysis using the maximum likelihood method as implemented in mega x software was done. The phylogenetic analysis put the South African populations of H. typica together with other H. typica with a 100-bootstrap value. In conclusion, the results showed that 28S could detect the H. typica, and therefore the species is verified by the molecular method. Also, the ecological behavior of the H. typica in terms of the economic impact on the eggplant needs to be investigated.
27. Sindhu Keerthana, T. Srinivas*, R. Sarada Jayalakshmi Devi and A. Sri Vidhya [Integrated management of dry root rot of Arachis hypogaea caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 453-457 (2022). 1Department of Plant Pathology S. V. Agricultural College (ANGRAU), Tirupati, 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India *(e-mail : thumati28@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Groundnut a principal vegetable oilseed crop in India with about 85 percent area under rainfed conditions is prone to dry root rot causing considerable loss in the yield when left unmanaged. In order to find out an effective method of managing the disease, an experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati during kharif, 2019-20 as an integrated approach by combining the use of bio agents, organic amendments and fungicides. Native bacterial and fungal bio agents along with commercial formulations of Pseudomonas flourescens and T. harzianum, oil cakes and different fungicides were screened and tested for their efficacy against the pathogen under in vitro and field conditions. Experiment was laid out with the best performing bio agent, organic amendment and fungicide using single and combination treatments. Results revealed that, seed treatment with mancozeb @ 3g/kg and with commercial formulation of T. harzianum @ 5g/kg seed along with soil application of karanj cake @ 1.3 t/ha maintained its superiority over other treatments by recording the least PDI, maximum germination percentage (92.10%), root length (35.61 cm), shoot length (14.24 cm), number of pods per plant (26.97) and pod yield (3797.77 kg/ha) which proves the synergist effect of all the treatments viz., chemical, biological and organic amendment. Hence, integrated management of dry root rot combining chemical, biological and cultural practices effectively controls the disease besides enhancing the crop yields.
28. SRAVANTHI S.*, SREE REKHA M., VENKATESWARLU B., SUJANI RAO CH. AND JAYALALITHA K. [Effect of defoliants on percent defoliation and yield of American cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 458-465 (2022). Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College ANGRAU, Bapatla-522001, Andhra Pradesh, India *(e-mail : sravanthi0128@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Cotton production is labour intensive in almost all the developing countries where it is picked by hand. However, due to acute labour shortage in recent times, mechanized harvesting is gaining momentum. It requires the application of defoliants, which reduces the cost of labour and maximum cotton can be picked in a single pick (one picking) and consequently provide timely sowing of next crop. The farmers can get benefit of two crops instead of one single long duration cotton crop. Therefore, a two year study conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, during the kharif of 2018-19 and 2019-20 to know the the effect of different defoliants and their time of application on per cent defoliation and seed cotton yield in High Density Planting American Cotton (HDPS).Three defoliants Dropp ultra, mepiquat chloride and etherel and three times of application 80 % of boll opening, Node Above Cracked Boll and Node Above White Flower were included in this research in split plot design with four replications. Per cent defoliation was significantly influenced by different defoliant treatments, as well as time of application. At 21 days after defoliant spray, there was significant increase in per cent defoliation with Dropp Ultra 540 SC (Thidiazuron 360 + Diuron 180) @ 250 mL/ha (91.5%) over other defoliants and at 80 % Boll Opening (88.3%), which was on par with NACB (86.9%). Higher seed cotton yield was obtained with application of Dropp Ultra @ 250 mL/ha and found on par with Etherel @ 3000 ppm (D3) and regarding times of application, defoliants applied at 80 % Boll Opening recorded maximum yield, which was found at par with NACB method.
29. SALTANAT TLEUKENOVA, ALIBEK RAMAZANOV*, MARGARITA ISHMURATOVA, ROZA MUSSINA, SAIRAN ATIKEEVA, AINUR NURKENOVA, SAYAT ZHUMADILOV, GULMIRA SHAPATOVA and AIMAN SARSEMBAEVA [Germination of chamomile (Matricaria recutita) seeds during cryopreservation using PVS2 cryoprotectant]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 466-472 (2022). Laboratory of Biotechnology and Ecomonitoring, E. A. Buketov Karaganda University, 28 University Street 100028, Karaganda, Kazakhstan *(e-mail : kairidenovich_rak@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
Preservation of plant world biodiversity, especially medicinal species, is one of the main tasks of modern science. Seeds are the most optimal form of genetic material storage, as samples require little space and remain viable for a long period. There are several methods for storing plant seed. One of the most inexpensive and effective methods is cryopreservation. The present study was conducted at with an objective study the seeds of Matricaria recutita for cryopreservation and viability of seeds. The seed material was frozen in liquid nitrogen (Dewar vials) using cryoprotectant PVS2. The assessment of seed viability was conducted in laboratorial conditions on Petri dishes. The results of the study showed that cryopreservation of Matricaria recutita seeds is better to carry out without the use of PVS2 cryoprotectant, since the germination of seeds was lower than the control (56%) (seed freezing without cryoprotective substances). Seeds’ sowing after cryopreservation is recommended in two versions, immediately after defrosting and also with a delay in sowing, which makes it possible to transport thawed seeds to outlying regions.
30. Le My DUNG, Nguyen Thi Trang THANH*, Hoang Phan Hai Yen, Luong Thi Thanh VINH, Nguyen Thi HOA and Pham VU CHUNG [Potential of low-salinity water utilization for watering the coast cultivation areas in the context of global warming]. Res. on Crops 23 (2) : 473-479 (2022). Geography Department, Hanoi National University of Education 136 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam *(e-mail : thanhntt@vinhuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
The coastal cultivation areas (CCAs) suffer to be affected by saltwater intrusion as a part of global warming. Low-salinity water (LSW) is considered as one of the effective alternative solutions for irrigation in water-scarce areas in the context of global warming. The main objective of this research was, therefore, to investigate the potential of using the LSW for watering the coastal sugarcane paddies in Tuy An District under the background of saline irrigation water. The research was deployed on three randomized blocks with sugarcane LK92-11, Uthong-11, and K83-29 varieties during the cultivation crop of 2018-19. Treatments included full freshwater irrigation and the LSW varying from 1.0 to 4.0 dS/m, respectively based on the drip irrigation system. The volume of irrigation water was equivalent to 100% of crop evapotranspiration. The daily crop evapotranspiration was simulated based on the APSIM-SUGAR model while the plant growth parameters such as mean number of living leaves, mean leaf area, stem diameter and sugarcane yield were investigated based on the Tukey test (p 0.05). The results indicate that the blending rate for irrigating with LSW and freshwater at 1.5 dS/m enhanced the plant growth parameters as well as crop yield while the blending rate for different irrigations varying from 2.0 to 4.0 dS/m recorded a decline of both the plant growth parameters and crop yield. Based on the findings, the blending rate for irrigating with LSW and freshwater at 1.5 dS/m enhanced high crop yield but was not significantly different compared to full freshwater irrigation.
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