Volume 58, Number 3 & 4 (May & July) 2023
1. MURUGESAN MOHANA KEERTHI*, POOJA SRIVASTAV, GOVINDHASAMY RAJASEKAR, ARASU ARUN AND RAJAGOPALAN BABU [Precision nitrogen management in aerobic system for maximising paddy (Oryza sativa L.) yields: A review]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 107-115 (2023). 1Department of Agronomy, School of Agriculture SR University, Warangal-506371, Telangana, India *(e-mail: m.mohanakeerthi@sru.edu.in)
ABSTRACT
The main food crop in India is rice; it is typically farmed using poor plant nutrition management, mostly in flood-prone areas. In order to maximize crop and water productivity against the backdrop of dwindling water resources, crop science research has recently made strides that are focused on water saving rice technology and appropriate nutrient management strategies employing locally accessible, affordable fertilizer sources. This is done to ensure the sustainability of agriculture and the environment. Presently, growing rice in aerobic conditions is significant challenge due to limited nutrient availability. With reduced soil moisture, nutrient uptake is hindered by lower rates of delivery to the roots through mass flow and diffusion. Nitrogen, being one of the most essential nutrients, plays a critical role in enhancing the growth and yield of aerobic rice and also the Indian soil already deficit of nitrogen. However, applying too much or too little nitrogen is ineffective, particularly under alternate wetting and drying conditions. To maximize the rice growth, root development, yield, and nitrogen uptake in aerobic systems through the method, timing and quantity of nitrogen application must be carefully considered. Based on discussed reviews on different studies, it is concluded that applying of nitrogen is an optimum quantity with three to four equal splits can maximize the plant height, leaf area index, crop growth rate, dry matter production, number of tillers/m2, root length, root volume, number of panicles/m2, number of filled grains/panicle, panicle length and yield of aerobic rice.
2. S. PRAVEEN KUMAR*, N. SENTHILKUMAR, P. POONKODI AND M. THIRUPPATHI [Effect of inorganic and organic sources of nutrients on the growth, yield and economics of traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Mappilai samba]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 116-123 (2023). Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University-608 002 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: praveensk2099@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The emergence of new rice varieties, including HYV, hybrids and genetically modified rice, which are being developed as a result of corporate-centered technology, is putting traditional rice varieties in India and throughout Asia in danger of extinction. In order to better understand how artificial and organic inputs affect traditional rice production and growth, this study was carried out. A field study was conducted in Pazhankovil village, Thiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu, India in June 2021. This experiment used a randomized block (RBD) design with 11 treatments viz., T1 – Control, T2 – 100% RDF, T3 – 50% RDF + FYM @ 12.5 t/ha, T4 – 50% RDF + VC @ 2.5 t/ha, T5 – 50% RDF + Humic granules @ 25 kg/ha, T6 – 50 % RDF + FYM @ 12.5 t/ha+ NPK Consortia, T7 – 50% RDF + VC @ 2.5 t/ha + NPK consortia, T8 – 50% RDF + Humic granules @ 25 kg/ha + NPK consortia, T9 – 50% RDF + FYM @ 12.5 t/ha + NPK consortia + Seaweed liquid @ 2% (FS two times), T10 – 50% RDF + VC @ 2.5 t/ha + NPK consortia + Seaweed liquid @ 2% (FS two times) and T11 – 50 % RDF + Humic granules @ 25 kg/ha + NPK consortia + Seaweed liquid @ 2% (FS two times) and were replicated thrice. Treatments consist of various organic solids and liquids that have been given in combination with 50% RDF. Results of the experiment revealed that among the different treatments tried, T10 treatment performed better compared to other treatments and use of 50% RDF with NPK consortia and FYM 12.5 t/ha (T6) found to be at par with application of 100% RDF (T2).
3. P. SUJITHKUMAR*, G. B. SUDHAGAR RAO, R. REX IMMANUEL AND S. VIDHYA [Effect of various organic inputs on the yield attributes and yield of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.)]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 124-128 (2023). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: sujithprssk@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Now-a-days people are slowly getting aware of organic inputs and seeking for effective ones for maximum yield but at low cost. In this regard, a two year-on-farm research was carried out at Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India during Kuruvai season (June to October of 2020 and 2021) to study the effect of various organic inputs on the yield attributes and transplanted rice. The experiments were laid out in randomized block design (RBD) replicated thrice with nine treatments with various combinations of fertilizer and organic inputs. The treatments were: T1–Control (100% RDF), T2–75% of N through RDF + 25% of N through EFYM, T3–75% of N through RDF + 25% of N through E-pressmud, T4–75% of N through RDF + 25% of N through vermicompost, T5–75% of N through RDF + 25% of N through GM crop, T6–75% of N through RDF + 25% of N through EFYM + humic & fulvic Acid, T7–75% of N through RDF + 25% of N through E-pressmud + humic & fulvic acid, T8–75% of N through RDF + 25% of N through vermicompost + humic & fulvic acid, T9–75% of N through RDF + 25% of N through GM crop + humic & fulvic acid. The results revealed that application of 75% of N through RDF + 25% of N through vermicompost + humic & fulvic acid proved its superiority at the time of harvest by registering higher rice yield attributes such as number of productive tillers (362/m2), number of filled grains/panicle (105) and yield viz., grain yield (5890 kg/ha), straw yield (8750 kg/ha) and harvest index (40.23). This was at par with the application of 75% N through RDF + 25% of N through green manure crop (sunnhemp) + humic & fulvic acid. These combinations were highly impressive and appeared to be more promising as efficient integrated nutrient management system.
4. SITABHRA MAJUMDER, TANMOY SHANKAR*, SAGAR MAITRA, RAHUL ADHIKARY AND MASINA SAIRAM [Effect of nutrient omission on growth and productivity of rabi rice]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 129-135 (2023). M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha-761 211, India *(e-mail: tanmoy.shankar125@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Rice is a crucial cereal crop in India and globally, serving as a staple food for over 50% of the world’s population. In India, rice-based cropping systems are prevalent in agriculture. As we know, rice, being a cereal crop, requires substantial amounts of nutrients, particularly primary nutrients. Effective nutrient management practices are crucial in modern-day farming. The application of primary nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium greatly influences rice productivity. Additionally, secondary nutrients such as Sulphur (S) and micronutrients like zinc (Zn) can contribute to improved yield attributes and grain quality. To investigate this, a field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2021-22 at the Post-graduate Research Farm of M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture in Gajapati, Odisha. The experiment employed the nutrient omission plot technique (NOPT) on sandy clay loam soil. The randomized block design included seven treatments with three replications. The treatments consisted of different combinations of N, P, K, Zn and S doses. The rice variety Naveen (CR 749-20-2, IET 14461) was used, and the recommended doses of fertilizers (N-P2O5-K2O-Zn-S) were applied at 120-60-60-05-25 kg/ha, respectively. The nutrient omission technique significantly improved the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of rabi rice. Among the omission treatments, the application of 100% NPKZnS demonstrated superior results in terms of growth, yield and nutrient uptake, while the control treatment (no fertilizer) exhibited the lowest outcomes. Based on this study, it can be recommended that the application of primary nutrients is essential for obtaining optimum yields in rice crops. Additionally, the inclusion of micronutrients such as Zn and S can further enhance rice productivity and grain quality.
5. SOUVIK SAIN, SAGAR MAITRA, TANMOY SHANKAR AND MASINA SAIRAM* [Competitive ability of legume based intercrop for rabi maize (Zea mays L.) in north eastern ghats of Odisha]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 136-143 (2023). Department of Agronomy M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi-761 211 (Odisha), India *(e mail: sairam.masina@cutm.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
Maize is a versatile cereal crop that offers enough scope for adoption of intercropping system. Inclusion of legumes as intercrops with maize offers numerous benefits such as enhancement of productivity from unit area, crop diversification, efficient resource use and agricultural sustainability. Based on the above facts, an experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2021-22 at Post-graduate Research Farm M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Odisha, India. The experiment was designed in completely randomized block design comprising 12 treatments of maize intercropped in uniform row (UR) and paired rows (PR) with chickpea and field pea. The intercrops were laid out in various row ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 2:2 and 2:3 in comparison with sole crops in uniform and paired rows. The experimental results revealed that the sole maize uniform row (5857 kg/ha) and sole maize paired row (5789 kg/ha) had performed superior to intercropped maize in terms of maize grain yield. However, the higher land equivalent ratio, area time equivalent ratio and monetary advantage were obtained in maize-legume intercropping systems. Maize UR + chickpea (1:2) resulted in the highest net returns and benefit: cost ratio. The study concluded that intercropping maize UR + chickpea (1:2) can be adopted in rabi maize cultivation under south Odisha conditions for more profitability and agricultural sustainability.
6. T. Anitha* and S. Venkatesan [Effect of intercropping system on the growth and yield of baby corn (Zea mays L.)]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 144-150 (2023). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Annamalai University, Chidambaram-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India *(e-mail: anuteddy0109@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted on the possibility of growing vegetables (such as fenugreek, radish and Amaranthus) in baby corn and to investigate the impact of intercropping and competition indices of the intercropping systems. Therefore, this experiment was conducted in farmer’s field of Nambal village, Mancherial district, Telangana during the year of 2022-23 to assess the performance of baby corn intercropping with different vegetable crops. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 10 treatments comprising baby corn as main crop along with radish, fenugreek and Amaranthus as intercrops and control (sole baby corn) replicated thrice. The results of the research revealed that sole baby corn registered the maximum plant height (172.39 cm), number of leaves (14.68), leaf area (639.75 cm2), leaf area index (6.26) and dry matter production (9.5 t/ha) which were at par with baby corn + fenugreek intercropping system. The yield parameters viz. number of cobs per plant (3.07), cob length (16.21 cm), cob girth (6.82 cm) and individual cob weight (76.72 g), cob yield g/plant (166.23 g) cob yield t/ha (7.3 t/ha) and green fodder yield (23.2 t/ha) were consistently greater in baby corn + fenugreek and at par with sole baby corn intercropping system.
7. AKASH MOHANTY, SAGAR MAITRA, UPASANA SAHOO*, DINKAR J. GAIKWAD AND MASINA SAIRAM [Evaluation of suitable varieties and spacing of rabi sorghum under north-eastern plateau region of Odisha]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 151-158 (2023). Department of Agronomy M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi-761 211 (Odisha), India *(e mil: upasana.sahoo@cutm.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
Currently, agriculture is facing a huge trouble which includes depletion of air, water, soil quality and threats of climate change. Under such circumstances, an ecologically hardy crop can be an alternative option to withstand all the limiting factors. Among all the cereals, millets can be considered as a hardy crop which can thrive under any stressed condition. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is known as the great millet and is considered a vital cereal crop in Asia and Africa. The choice of suitable variety and proper planting geometry is important to obtain potential yield of sorghum. To evaluate the planting geometry of sorghum varieties, an experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2022-23 at Post Graduate Research Farm of M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design which consisted of three sorghum varieties, namely, M 35-1, SPV-2217 and CSV-29R under four different planting geometries i. e. 30 x 15 cm, 45 x 15 cm, 45/30 cm x 15 cm and 60/30 cm x 15 cm and it was replicated thrice. This experiment was carried out in sandy loam soil conditions which were slightly acidic in nature and having an electrical conductivity of 0.60 dS/m. Among all the treatments under comparison, the variety SPV-2217 expressed superior performance to other varieties in terms of growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index, yield attributes and yield. The spacing of 45 x 15 cm performed better than the other treatments in all the aspects in terms of growth, yield attributes except 1000-grain weight as well as yield. The results concluded that in order to get a higher production with a lucrative economic benefit, the variety SPV-2217 can be cultivated with a spacing of 45 x 15 cm in north eastern plateau region of Odisha.
8. S. K. KARTIC RAJ* AND D. KUMARIMANIMUTHU VEERAL [Evaluating honeybee (Apis mellifera L.), as a potential pollinator to enhance the yield and yield attributes in hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 159-162 (2023). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Annamalai University, Chidambaram-608 002 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: karticrajsk@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Sunflower is a protandrous type, having a problem in which male and female elements mature at different times. Hence, cross pollination is the only way for seed setting in sunflower. For effective cross pollination, various techniques were developed. Based on this, field study was conducted during June 2022-August 2022 at the Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu to enhance the yield and yield attributes of hybrid sunflower (Kaveri Champ) through honeybee as an agent for cross pollination. The study comprised six treatments with four replications. The treatments were: T1–Natural pollination, T2–Hand pollination, T3–Head to head pollination, T4–Beehive alone, T5–Beehive + Hand pollination and T6–Beehive + Head to head pollination. The study revealed that the (T5) Beehive + hand pollination showed the highest value in terms of seed yield (3669 kg/ha), number of filled seeds per head (1418), 100-seed weight (4.72 g) and seed set percentage (98.55) followed by (T4) Beehive alone. Natural pollination (T1) showed the lowest seed yield (2088 kg/ha), number of filled seeds per head (832), 100-seed weight – (4.12 g) and seed set percentage – (71.91) in all the yield parameters. Pollination with honeybees and by hand increased seed yield per head, compared to natural pollination. Results indicated that the use of honeybees for sunflower hybrid improved the yield and yield attributes of sunflower.
9. K. A. HIREMATH, KAVERA1 AND BASAVARAJ BIRADAR* [Effect of organic sources and nutrient levels on the growth, yield and economics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 163-169 (2023). Department of Agronomy University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur-584 104 (Karnataka), India *(e-mail: biradarbg1782@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Indiscriminate use of inorganic fertilizers has bought threat to soil health in respect to physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize the usage of inorganic fertilizers by substituting with organics. It is well established fact that the improvement in quality and productivity of the crops could be made possible with combined application of organic sources and balanced chemical fertilizers. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during rabi 2021-22 at College of Agriculture, UAS, Raichur to study the effect of organic sources and nutrient levels on growth, yield and economics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Eighteen treatment combinations were evaluated which consisted of three organic sources and six nutrient levels. The experiment was laid out in Factorial RBD design with three replications. The results indicated that among organic sources, application of FYM @ 5 t /ha recorded significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height (85.95 cm), total dry matter accumulation (121.59 g/plant), seed yield (1467 kg/ha) and stalk yield (2216 kg /ha). Further this treatment recorded higher gross returns (Rs. 80,699/ha) and net returns (Rs. 51247/ha) compared to other treatment. Among the different nutrient levels, SSNM (STCR equation) + micronutrients Zn @ 25 kg/ha + S @ 10 kg/ha showed significant effect on growth parameters and seed yield (1508 kg/ha) as compared to other treatment. Moreover, the combination registered higher gross returns (Rs. 82,964/ha) and net returns (Rs. 54,540/ha) compared to other nutrient levels.
10. HIMANCHAL VISHWAKARMA*, DINESH MANI, DEVI PRASAD SHUKLA AND VIPIN SAHU [Phytoremediation of heavy metals (Cr and Pb) from sewage irrigated soil of tropical sub-humid region of Indo-Gangetic plain using Amaranthus viridis]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 170-177 (2023). Sheila Dhar Institute of Soil Science Department of Chemistry University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211 002, (U. P.) India *(e-mail: himanchal6390@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to find out the potential of Amaranthus viridis for the phytoremediation of heavy metals (Cr and Pb) grown on sewage irrigated site. The status of heavy metals in sewage irrigated soil was observed as Pb 4.91±0.96 mg/kg and Cr 3.48±0.51 mg/kg maximum in Buxibandh site and minimum concentration 2.11±0.19 mg/kg and Cr 1.82±0.19 mg/kg in Phaphamau sites. A. viridis grown on a sewage irrigated soils recorded maximum accumulation of Cr ranging from 4.23±0.28-4.11±0.15 mg/kg and minimum concentration 2.52±0.05–2.34±0.05 mg/kg in Buxibandh and Phaphamau respectively and maximum accumulation of Pb 4.4±10.52–4.27±0.39 mg/kg and minimum accumulation 2.89±0.04–2.43±0.06 mg/kg in root and shoot, respectively. The result shows the maximum potential of accumulation Pb 4.41±0.52 mg/kg followed by Cr 4.23±0.28 mg/kg in Buxibandh sewage irrigated site. The maximum dry biomass yield of A. viridis plants was recorded in Phaphamau sewage irrigated site of Cr and Pb sewage irrigated soils ranging 3.8±0.5–4.9±0.7 g/plant and 36±5–39±4.4 g/plant, respectively, while the minimum dry biomass yield as 2.5±0.4–2.8±0.4 g/plant and 26±1.2–28±3.9 g/plant in shoot and root, respectively, at Buxibandh sewage irrigated site. The accumulation of heavy metals hampered plant development and nutrients bioavailability. Furthermore, their bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) >1.0 indicated the hyperaccumulation efficiency of plants ranges of Cr and Pb was recorded 1.33±0.04–1.06±0.05 mg/kg and 1.03±0.02–1.12±0.1 mg/kg, respectively. The result proved that the A. viridis had a great potential to remove heavy metals from sewage irrigated soils.
11. V. M. Priyadarshini* and P. Madhanakumari [Assessment of genetic diversity for morphological and physiological traits in Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] using principal component analysis]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 178-183 (2023). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Annamalai University, Chidambaram-608 002 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: priya03vm@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Clusterbean is one of the most underutilized, nutrient-rich vegetable crops with Indian origin. An attempt was made to examine the diversity of this important crop using a multivariate statistical model – Principal Component Analysis – to identify high-yielding accessions. The present investigation was conducted during January to April, 2022 at Poothurai village of Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu to identify the genetically diverse outliers among the vast population of clusterbean accessions. In this study, 102 genotypes of clusterbean were evaluated collected from various regions. Fourteen quantitative and three qualitative characters were taken that showed considerable variations and divergence helping to identify promising genotypes for further exploitation. Principal component analysis showed 17 principal components of which six had eigen values greater than 1 contributing to 67.67% of variation. The first principal component had a maximum of 19.98% of total variation. Divergence in 102 germplasm was recorded for total pod yield per plant, number of pods per plant, number of pods per cluster, days to maturity, seed yield per plant and days to 50% flowering in variables supporting loadings of first principal component. They were considered as traits for selecting the genotype. In accordance with this, the promising genotypes showing high diversity for agronomic and yield traits were isolated, which can be used for clusterbean breeding.
12. RAJ KUMAR, LAKSHMAN SINGH*, TUFAIL AHMAD and BULBUL AHMED [Mutagenic effect of hydroxyl amine and sodium azide on the performance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 184-188 (2023). 1Post Graduate Student Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding School of Agriculture, ITM University, Gwalior-474 001 (M. P.) India *(e-mail: lakshman.singh@gdgu.org)
ABSTRACT
Tomato, an important vegetable crop due to its utility as raw, cooked and processed form of food, requires improved cultivar with high nutrition and yield to meet out global demand in changing agro-climatic conditions. The mutagenesis is one of the most important techniques to create genetic variability and identification of economically important traits towards the crop improvement. Therefore, the mutagenic effect of various concentrations of hydroxyl amine and sodium azide were studied on tomato var. PKM 1 for the qualitative and quantitative traits of economic importance. The seeds of tomato were obtained from Ryoth’s Depot Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India and treated with the different concentrations of sodium azide (SA) and hydroxyl amine (HA) 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM and 0.1, 0.15%, 0.2, 0.25%, respectively) for four hours. Study on germination per cent, seedling height, root length and pollen viability was carried out in lab and for growth parameters. M1 generation was grown in the field. The mutagens hydroxyl amine (0.1%) and sodium azide (2 Mm), showed least reduction in parameters and with increase the concentration of both chemicals, decline was noted. Highly significant differences were observed in the treatments with respect to the studied traits (seed germination, seedling survival, seedling height, root length, pollen viability, leaves per seedling and height at maturity, branches per plant and fruits per plant. The present study concluded that mutagens had detrimental effects along with creating variability. Hence, hydroxyl amine (0.1%) and sodium azide (2 Mm) could be utilized to induce variability for the improvement of tomato.
13. SHIPRA SHARMA*, D. RASHMI AND S. I. PATEL [Stem rust severity and AUDPC values of different wheat varieties in response to Puccinia graminis f. sp tritici]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 189-193 (2023). Department of Plant Pathology, C. P. College of Agriculture Sardarkrushnagar Dantiwada Agricultural University Sardarkrushinagar-385 506 (Gujarat), India *(e-mail: shipra08sharma@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Wheat is the important cereal and is highest produced grain in the world after corn and rice. It is the second most important crop in India next to rice. Like several crops, wheat is also prone to diseases. Among various diseases, wheat stem rust is the main biotic constraint to wheat production and it is important to understand and analyze the disease in terms of pathological responses. Out of six cultivars tested, three wheat varieties showed a resistance response, while the other three varieties showed a susceptible response against stem rust of wheat. Disease severity and area under disease progressive curve (AUDPC) data of three susceptible varieties revealed that the highest AUDPC value (1785.93) was recorded in A-9-30-1 which showed the most susceptible response followed by Agra Local (1762.93) and Kharachia (1645.90). There was no development of stem rust symptoms on three varieties viz., GDW 1255, GW 496 and GW 451.
14. N. ANANDHABHAIRAVI*, M. SHANTHI, S. VELLAIKUMAR, S. ARIVARASAN AND P. JAYAPAL [GC-MS-MS profiling and toxicity of ethyl acetate extracts of some botanicals against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) in stored maize]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 194-201 (2023). 1Department of Agricultural Entomology, School of Agriculture VELS Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS) Velan Nagar, Chennai-600 117 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: anandhabhairavi03@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Ethyl acetate extracts of certain botanicals were evaluated in the laboratory for their contact and oral toxicity at 5% concentration against Sitophilus oryzae L. at Natural Pesticide Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu during 2019-21. The result revealed that all the botanicals were effective against S. oryzae compared to the control. Considering the contact toxicity, 5% ethyl acetate extract of Mentha spicata (86.67%) performed better 72 h after treatment. Vitex negundo and Ocimum sanctum caused (83.33%) mortality 72 h after treatment concerning oral toxicity. Mentha spicata caused 93.33% mortality after 15 days of treatment, whereas Vitex negundo, Ocimum sanctum and Tagetes erecta leaf caused 90.00% mortality, which was statistically at par with Mentha spicata. GC-MS-MS study revealed the presence of carvone (38.27%) at the retention time of 7.644, Hexadecanoic acid (2.13%) at the retention time of 27.600, Isopulegol (1.41%) at the retention time of 27.290 and phytochemicals with insecticidal potential in Mentha spicata.Whereas in Ocimum sanctum, Eugenol (59.72%) was the major compound at the retention time of 9.9. Hence, it was concluded that among the tested ethyl acetate extracts, Mentha spicata at 5% was the most effective as a contact and oral toxicant against S. oryzae in stored maize, which possesses the bioactive principle of carvone and it can be developed as an eco-friendly botanical formulation.
15. PRANJAL PRATIM NEOG* [Occurrence, diversity and community analysis of plant parasitic nematodes associated with vegetable crops]. Crop Res. 58 (3&4): 202-206 (2023). Department of Nematology, B. N. College of Agriculture Biswanath Chariali-784 176 (Assam), India *(e-mail: pranjal.neog@aau.ac.in)
ABSTRACT
A survey of vegetable crops in Biswanath district of Assam was conducted during April 2021 to December 2022 to record the plant parasitic nematode community structure. Six species of plant parasitic nematodes viz., Meloidogyne sp, Helicotylenchus sp, Hoplolaimus sp., Tylenchorhynchus sp., Xiphinema sp. and Pratylenchus sp., were isolated and identified from 100 soil samples collected from rhizosphere of different vegetable crops. Analysis of nematode communities revealed that among the plant parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne sp. was predominant and encountered in most of the samples with 93% frequency of occurrence followed by Hoplolaimus sp. (90%). The lowest frequency was recorded in the case of Pratylenchus sp. (14%). Meloidogyne sp. had the highest density of 235.29 numbers followed by Hoplolaimus sp. (135 nos.). Among the community of plant parasitic nematodes, Meloidogyne sp. was found to be most prominent with highest prominence value (22.69) followed by Hoplolaimus sp. (12.80) and Pratylenchus sp. was the least prominent (0.57).
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