Volume 24, No. 1 (March, 2023)
1. JAGMOHAN SINGH, GURKIRAT SINGH AULAKH* AND SARABJIT SINGH [Effect of seed priming on growth and yield of late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum) in central plain region of Punjab]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 1-7 (2023). P. G. Department of Agriculture Khalsa College, Amritsar, G. T. Road, Amritsar-143 001, Punjab, India (e-mail: gurkiratsingh@khalsacollege.edu.in)
ABSTRACT
Poor seed germination affects growth and yield of crop under late sown conditions. Therefore, this research was conducted to study the effect of seed priming on growth and yield of late sown wheat at student’s Research Farm, Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar, India during rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22. The experiment was set up in a randomised block design which included 10 treatments and three replications. Late sown variety PBW 752 of wheat was used during experiment. The results showed that using different treatments of seed priming had no significant effect on parameters i.e. test weight, harvest index and protein content but other parameters like plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, number of tillers, number of effective tillers, spikelets per spike, grains per ear, biological yield, grain yield and straw yield were significantly affected by seed priming. In the treatment of seed priming with potassium nitrate @ 10,000 ppm recorded highest grain yield (34.9 q/ha), biological yield (87.67 q/ha), effective tillers per metre row (50.30), spike length (9.50 cm) and number of grains per spike (38.20). The results of this study allowed us to draw the conclusion that wheat grain production can be improved by seed priming under late sown conditions.
2. MAHMOUD RADI El-DELFI AND SUHAD MATHKOOR A. SAFI* [Evaluating newer herbicides on the performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Central Iraq]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 8-14 (2023). College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: suhadsafi7@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Due to the great losses caused by weeds to the crop, it is necessary to continue testing new herbicides that may be more efficient than the herbicides used that can reduce competition between weeds and crops, Therefore, a field experiment was carried out in the experimental field of the Department of Field Crops, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad (Al-Jadriya) during the winter season of 2021-22 in order to evaluate the efficiency of the herbicide H-199 and compare it with some herbicides used in controlling companion weed to three cultivars of wheat and its effect in the yield and its components. The experiment was applied according to the randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangement with four replicates, as the cultivars (IPA 99, Sham 6 and Rasheed) represented the main plots, while the herbicides (H-199, Chevalier, Pallas, Atlantis, and weedy treatment) represented the sub-plots. The results showed the superiority of Pallas by giving the best results, it gave the lowest weed density after 30, 60 and 90 days of application the herbicide, which amounted to 0.2, 4.3 and 0.2 plants/m2, respectively, and the highest weed control percentage amounted to 99.85%, compared with the control treatment, which gave the highest weed density (116.3, 171.0 and 168.7 plants/m2) and the lowest weed control percentage (0.00%), which was reflected in the yield components. Pallas gave the highest number of spikes, the highest number of grains per spike, the highest grain yield, and the highest harvest index, which reached 314.6 spikes/m2, 55.99 grains/spike, 4.597 t/ha and 32.08%, respectively, compared with the weedy that gave the lowest number of spikes (122.7 spikes/m2), the lowest number of grains per spike (33.87 grains/spike), the lowest grain yield (0.937 t/ha) and the lowest harvest index (19.69%). Moreover, Atlantis gave the highest weight of 1000 grains, which was 26.35 g, compared with the weedy treatment. which gave the lowest weight of 1000 grains (22.80 g), The results also showed the superiority of the Sham 6 cultivar, as it gave the lowest weed density, the highest number of spikes, the highest weight of 1000 grains, the highest grain yield and the highest harvest index. We conclude that Pallas and Sham 6 (cultivar) recorded the best results.
3. ZAMZAGUL AMANGELDIKYZY, KANAT GALYMBEK, MADY GABDULOV, NURGUL AMANGELDI, AZHARGUL IRKITBAY, GULNUR SULEIMANOVA AND ZAGIPA SAPAKHOVA* [Identification of new sources of wheat stem rust resistance genes]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 15-27 (2023). Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan agrarian-Technical University Uralsk, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: zagipasapakhova@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Stem rust disease is widespread in the wheat-growing regions of Kazakhstan. Despite a large number of studies, the protection of wheat from the pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is considered one of the crucial problems. Chemical control has almost no impact on this disease and no exact result. The only effective way to control this disease is to cultivate resistant varieties and lines. Currently, 60 Sr resistance genes are known. Among them, Sr2, Sr22, Sr25/Lr19, Sr28, Sr36, and Sr39 gene sources are efficient at stem rust disease in different conditions of Kazakhstan. The molecular markers Xgwm533, CFA2019, PSY-E1, wPt-7004, Xgwm319 and Sr39#50 linked to Sr2, Sr22, Sr25/Lr19, Sr28, Sr36 and Sr39 were used, respectively. As a result of PCR analysis, the Sr2 gene was identified in six lines out of 16 lines, namely, GA951395-10-7/WX98D011-U38, Select, GA961565-27-6/KS99U673, GA961662-1-7/TAM107, VA01W-283/WX030513 and Sonalika. Five wheat lines were found as carriers of the Sr22 gene: Line c-19SB, Lutescens 7-04-4, Lutescens 220-03-45, GA961662-1-7/TAM107 and Line D 25 77. There are three lines that are carriers of Sr25/Lr19 gene sources, namely, Lutescens 220-03-45, Advance, and Line D 25 77. The Sr28 gene was identified in four wheat genotypes (GA951395-10-7/WX98D011-U38, Select, Advance and VA01W-283/WX03ASHTS0513) and the positive control W2691Sr2Bkt. An expected fragment (170 bp) for Xgwm319 properly for Sr36 gene was identified in four lines (GA951395-10-7/WX98D011-U38, Advance, VA01W-283/WX03ASHTS0513, GA961662-1-7/TAM107). The 10 wheat varieties were identified using primers Sr39 # 50R/F (Line C-19SB, Omskaya 37, Lutescens 7-04-4, Lutescens 220-03-45, Select, GA951395-10-7 / WX98D011-U38, Advance, GA961662-1-7 / TAM107’, VA01W-283/WX03ASHTS0513 and Line D 25 77). The studied sources of resistance can be used in breeding programs to create varieties of common wheat with durable resistance to stem rust.
4. Tatyana Ivanchenko*, Irina Igolnikova AND Elena Shevyakhova [Comparative effect of biological and chemical methods of plant protection of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on diseases and yield in the arid zone of Volgograd region]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 28-33 (2023). Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) 97 Universitetskiy Prospekt, 400062, Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: tvivanchenko@bk.ru)
ABSTRACT
Volgograd region is a large winter wheat production region, where it is sown on more than one million hectares. The issues of increasing the yield of winter wheat grain are relevant. The most effective method for solving this problem is the use of chemical and biological preparations for seed treatment and foliar feeding. Scientific research was carried out in the experimental field of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology RAN from 2019 to 2021 (Russia, Volgograd). The soil is light chestnut, solonetz and heavy loam. Biological and chemical methods of winter wheat Kamyshanka 4 crop protection in cereal fallow rotation in the dry steppe zone of the Lower Volga region were used in the experiment. The aim of the research was to develop biological and chemical methods of plant protection of winter wheat, taking into account the varietal and zonal characteristics to increase the yield and seed quality. The novelty is that for the first time in the conditions of the dry steppe zone of the Lower Volga region in the laboratory of breeding, seed production and nursery production of the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology RAN the effectiveness of biological and chemical methods of protection on winter wheat crops was studied and the economic assessment of the studied agronomic methods was given. The investigation of the studied methods of winter wheat protection in rainfed conditions on light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region revealed an increase of the crop capacity by 27.5%, an improvement of the phytosanitary state of the crops by 48.1%, an increase of the profitability in the variants with biological protection methods (BSCa-3 2.0 l/ha+potassium humate 1.0 l/t (grain treatment)+BSCa-3 2.0 l/ha (vegetative treatment)) compared to the control variant (b/o). Minimum values of biometric indicators, elements of yield structure and yield were obtained with the use of chemical means of protection.
5. MANISHA DEVI**, SMITA CHAUDHRY, R. K. YADAV* AND GAJENDER YADAV [Influence of sulphur and gypsum enriched municipal solid waste compost on sodicity reclamation and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 34-40 (2023). Institute of Environmental Studies Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119 (Haryana), India (e-mail: *RK.Yadav@icar.gov.in ; **manisharavish001@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Soil sodicity leads to land deterioration that strongly alters the soil properties and consequently crop productivity. Sustainable management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is another emerging challenge. Combined use of MSW compost enriched with sulphur and gypsum can provide a convincing solution for ameliorating sodic soils and sustaining crop productivity. In this context, a controlled condition study was carried out on composting of MSW alone and its enrichment with elemental sulphur and gypsum followed by evaluation of the efficiency of MSW compost and products of its enrichment for amelioration of sodic soil. A pot experiment was conducted during 2019-20 to 2020-21 at Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India on two levels of soil sodicity, namely, highly sodic soil with pH2 of 10.09 and moderate sodic soil with pH2 of 8.72 to evaluate the efficacy of sulphur and gypsum enriched MSW compost on sodic soil reclamation and sustainable yield production of wheat. Four treatments (MSW+ES, MSW+ES+G, MSW+G and MSW compost alone) were applied in different doses in sodic soils under consideration. MSW+ES and MSW+ES+G significantly reduced the soil pH2 up to 13.5 and 13.3%, respectively, Na+ up to 32 and 30% and enhanced grain yield about 44 and 37.2%, respectively, as compared to control (non-amended soil). Out of all amended doses, D3 (@300 g/15 kg soil) was found most effective in reducing pH2 and Na+ about 13.8 and 30.6% respectively. This study has proved that MSW enriched with sulphur can be used as an effective solution for improving soil physico-chemical properties and crop productivity of sodic soil.
6. E. P. Sukhareva and A. V. Belikina* [Evaluating winter grain crops varieties suitable for the Lower Volga region of Russia]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 41-46 (2023). Federal State Budget Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FSC of Agroecology RAS) Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: belikina-a@vfanc.ru)
ABSTRACT
For efficient grain production in arid climate, producers need a choice of winter crop varieties. For this purpose, an ecological test of varieties of winter wheat and winter barley was carried out on experimental fields typical for the climatic conditions of the Lower Volga region of Russia. Plots with experimental crops, with an area of 10 m2, were located by the method of successive repetitions in 3-fold repetition. By the ecological test, varieties of winter crops of various originators were sown, according to the predecessor – black fallow, with seeds with a field germination rate of 90-95%, with a seeding rate of 3.5 million pcs. ha, to a depth of 5-6 cm. There were 16 varieties of winter wheat in the test, Don 93 served as the standard variety. Five varieties of winter barley were tested, the standard variety was Volzhsky 1. The obtained results of the yield of varieties were processed by analysis of variance to assess their yield. It has been established that in the technological process of production of grain of winter crops, the value of the variety is significant and has a share of 72.4%, the remaining factors of production account for 27.5%. The leader in terms of winter wheat yield (8.5 t/ha) was the Tarasovskaya variety. The lowest yield in the test was in the Governor of the Don variety 5.7 t/ha. High yield of winter wheat in the variety of local selection Kamyshanka 3 was 8.1 t/ha. The maximum biological yield of 6.4 t/ha was obtained for the winter barley variety Buran, mainly due to the larger number of productive shoots 440 pcs/m2 and the largest grain mass per spike 1.46 g variety Voskhod 4.9 t/ha.
7. R. DURAI SINGH, SYED ABUL HASSAN HUSSAINY*, R. GEETHA AND B. BHAKIYATHU SALIHA [Optimizing seed metering through drum seeder slot modification in conjugation with seed priming in wet seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 47-53 (2023). Agricultural College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai-625 104 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: thesyedhussainy@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
In recent years, paddy drum seeders have become the tool of choice for rice farmers to deal with the seasonal labour shortage that occurs with the arrival of monsoon. However, the seed rate can go as high as 100 kg/ha with drum seeders because of issues with excess seed drop and uneven dispersion of seeds. In addition, a suitable seed priming method for rice under drum seeder is to be identified to facilitate seed flow through the slot modifications and enhance germination in the main field. Based on this background, innovations in the drum seeder slot modifications were carried out during 2020-21 and 2021-22 at the Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, India. The initial trial was conducted on the seed priming methods comprised of osmo-priming, vitamin priming (Ascorbate), micro-nutrient and hydro-priming at different concentrations and duration of incubation. The best treatment combinations were taken as sub-plot for the two-year field study along with drum seeder slot modifications as the main plot. The drum seeder slot modifications comprised of round slot (RS), oval slot (OS), round slot with guiding strip (RS+GP), and oval slot with guiding strip (OS+GP). The results revealed that drum seeder slots either OS+GP (or) RS+GP since on par successfully reduced the seed rate as low as 24.1 kg/ha, along higher productive tillers (32.6), and higher grain yield (5050 kg/ha) and straw yield (7618 kg/ha). Secondly, the newer seed priming technique involving multi-nutrient mixture @ 0.5% for 24 h (or) vitamin priming using ascorbic acid @ 10 ppm for 48 h increased the overall yield over the conventional hydro-priming (soaking in water for 24 h). However, research into improved drum seeder and seed priming methods is crucial everywhere, but especially in regulated areas where water release is unpredictable.
8. T. H. D. TRAN, T. G. NGUYEN AND D. H. TRAN* [Seasonal incidence and source of the panicle rice mite, Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in paddy fields of Central Vietnam]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 54-58 (2023). University of Agriculture and Forestry Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue City, Vietnam *(e-mail: tdanghoa@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
The panicle rice mite, Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley (Acari: Tarsonemidae) is the most important and destructive mite species attacking rice crop in Vietnam. Field surveys were carried out in Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam during 2021-22 to investigate the seasonal incidence of S. spinki on commonly used rice varieties and the importance of ratoon rice plants and weeds found on paddy fields as possible sources of S. spinki to infest rice plants in next crop seasons. The panicle rice mites were recorded at all growth stages of investigated rice varieties grown during summer-autumn and winter-spring rice seasons. Incidences of S. spinki were more during the summer-autumn season than during the winter-spring season. Among the seven investigated rice varieties, TH5 and HAPHAT3 recorded higher infestation by S. spinki. Ratoon rice plants in the fallow season (Sept.-Dec.) were survival habitats and maintenance of the panicle rice mite between the two rice seasons. Seven weed species, including Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., Fimbristylis sp., Eleocharis sp. and Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. were found as alternative hosts and important sources of infestation of S. spinki. Therefore, the removal of ratoon and weed plants during the crop-free seasons is good field practice in integrated pest management for S. spinki in Central Vietnam.
9. Yayan Sumekar*, Dedi Widayat and Uum Umiyati [Interdependence of effects between soil organic matter content and atrazine herbicide on weeds and sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) yields]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 59-67 (2023). Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran Jalan R. Jatinangor Km 21, West Java, Indonesia *(e-mail: yayan.sumekar@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
One of the efforts to increase sweet corn productivity is to suppress weed growth by using herbicides combined with organic matter. This study aimed at examining the effectiveness of the herbicide atrazine on weed growth, growth and yield of corn plants given different doses of organic C. The experimental design used was divided plot design with three main plots of organic fertilizer levels and six subplots of herbicides which were replicated thrice. The main plot factor was the C-organic content consisting of low (1.02%), medium (2.50%) and high (3.50%). The second factor was the dose of the herbicide atrazine, which consisted of six levels of treatment, namely, no herbicide, atrazine herbicide doses of 1, 1,4, 1,8, 2.2 and 2.6 kg/ha. The results showed that the combination of atrazine at a dose of 1.4-2.6 kg/ha with organic C content was effective in controlling Ageratum conyzoides, Panicum repens and Paspalum conjugatum weeds. Atrazine herbicide treatment at a dose of 2.2 kg/ha affected the length of the cob, the weight of the cob without the cob, the yield of plots and the yield per hectare.
10. K. G. MALEKA, P. W. MASHELA* AND K. M. POFU [Response of nutrient elements in leaf tissues of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) to interactive effects of soil-drenched triterpenoid phytonematicides]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 68-72 (2023). Green Biotechnologies Research Centre University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, Republic of South Africa *(email: phatu.mashela@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematode population densities on various crops, including sweet sorghum, were consistently decreased by three triterpenoid phytonematicides that are currently available as Nemarioc-AL, Nemafric-BL and Mordica. These compounds have chemically different active ingredients. The interaction between triterpenoid phytonematicides and the accumulation of nutrients in plant leaf tissues has not yet been studied, with the exception of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL. The objective of this study was to investigate the interactive effects of triterpenoid phytonematicides on accumulation of nutrient elements in leaf tissues of sweet sorghum under microplot conditions in Limpopo Province, South Africa during 2020 and 2021. Nemarioc-AL, Nemafric-BL and Mordica were laid in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment, respectively. The test treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, with eight replications, conducted on artificial microplots containing steam pasteurized soil. At 150 days after inoculation, the second order interaction (Nemarioc-AL × Nemafric-BL × Mordica) significantly (P=0.05) increased accumulation of Ca, K and Mg in leaf tissues of sweet sorghum, but without affecting P, Fe, Na and Zn. Relative to untreated control, second order interaction increased Ca, K and Mg by 206, 164 and 289%, respectively. In accordance with the density-dependent growth principles of entities exposed to allelochemicals, soil-drenched administration of triterpenoid phytonematicides dramatically modified the accumulation of nutritional components in leaf tissues of sweet sorghum.
11. ACHMAD FATCHUL AZIEZ* [Growth response of soybean (Glycine max L.) under drought stress condition]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 73-81 (2023). Departement of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Tunas Pembangunan, Surakarta, Central Java 57135, Indonesia *(e-mail: achmad.aziez@lecture.utp.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
The amount of moisture in the soil has a significant impact on the growth of soybean, if there is a significant drop in the amount of moisture present in the soil, the soybean plant will undergo drought stress. But, the performance and extent of withstand of drought stress is yet to be scrutinized. Therefore, this study was conducted in plastic houses in Demangan Village, Sambi, Boyolali, Central Java, Indonesia, from August to November 2020 with an aim to know the response of the soybean growth under drought stress. The study was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated thrice. The first factor was the soil moisture, which consisted of four levels, namely, 100, 75, 50 and 25% field capacity. The second factor was the growth phase, which consisted of three kinds, namely, active vegetative, flowering time and seed filling period. The results showed that soil moisture of 50% field capacity in all growth phases caused to decrease in leaf size, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and plant dry weight. The maximal leaf size, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and plant dry weight were obtained in 100% field capacity in the seed filling phase, while the lowest at 25% field capacity. The study findings showed that the most sensitive phase of soybean growth to drought stress was in the seed filling phase. The practical implication was that the soybean growth should be in field capacity, especially in the seed filling phase.
12. T. T. H. HOANG*, D. T. DO, T. D. TRAN, C. B. DUONG AND H. T. P. DO [Efficacy of cattle manure in improving the productivity of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in sandy soil of Central Vietnam]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 82-88 (2023). University of Agriculture and Forestry Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue city, Vietnam *(e-mail: htthoa@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Peanut is an important annual crop in sandy soil of Central Vietnam. Organic fertilizer application plays a key role in improving peanut yield and soil quality. However, research on cattle manure is still limited in sandy soil for peanut crop. Trial consisted of 10 fertilizer treatments with two factors including two application methods and five ratios of inorganic fertilizer and manure and rice straw combinations. They were arranged in a split plot design with three replicates during the spring and summer season of 2021 on the sandy soil at Cat Trinh commune, Phu Cat district, Binh Dinh province, Vietnam. The aims of the study were to evaluate the efficiency of different combinations of organic amendments on the yield of peanut and to examine possible short-term changes in soil characteristics as a result of organic amendments application. The study results showed that application methods and different organic treatments gave higher yields compared with application of inorganic fertilizer alone. The highest peanut yield was found in the application of organic fertilizer from cattle manure+rice straw (1:0.5) and row application with (2.80-3.85 t/ha), increasing (21-27%) compared with application of inorganic fertilizer alone in surface application method and seasons. Cattle manure application improved some soil chemistry properties after the experiment such as OC, CEC, total N, P2O5 and K2O. In conclusion, incorporation of different types of organic amendments improved peanut yield and soil properties more than application of inorganic fertilizer alone.
13. RASOL HASSAN NEMR* AND WTHEQ FALHI HAMMOOD** [Effect of Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl herbicide in combination with Johnson grass extract on weed control in flax crop (Linum usitatissimum L.)]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 89-98 (2023). College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq (e-mail: *Rassoul.hasan1206a@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq; **drwatheqfalhi@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was carried out to determine the best effect of Johnson grass extract, alone or in combination with Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl herbicide, to achieve the benefit of their integration into weed control programs to reduce reliance on herbicides in controlling weeds, increasing yield and reducing environmental pollution by these herbicides. The randomized complete block design (RCBD) with the split plot arrangement by three replicates was applied, the distance between the rows (20, 25 and 30 cm) represents the main plots. The control treatments : weed-free (T1), application Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl at rate 2 ml/l (T2), Johnson grass extract at rate 18 l/ha (T3), half herbicide amount + half extract amount (T4) and weedy treatment (T5) , represent the sub-plots . The results showed that of distance 20 cm achieved lowest density of companion weeds (52.20 weeds/m2) and highest percentage of weed control (50.42) after 60 days of application, and highest seed yield, oil yield reached 1.781 and 0.675 t/ha, respectively. The distance 30 cm achieved highest number of capsules (14.790 capsules/plant) seeds (8.337 seeds/capsule) and highest weight of 1000 seeds reaching 7.379 g. Application of Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl (T2) achieved lowest weed density (54.78 weeds/m2), highest weed control percentage (52.22) after 60 days of application. Besides, highest number of capsules (14.956 capsules/plant), seeds were (8.580 seeds/capsule), highest weight of 1000 seeds was 7.611 g, and highest seed yield , oil yield reached 1.779 and 0.7113 t/ha, respectively. Distance 20 cm with treatment (T2) achieved lowest number of weeds reaching (44.67 weeds/m2), highest percentage of weed control (57.59) after 60 days of application, highest seed yield, oil yield reached 2.067 and 0.7267 t/ha, respectively. Distance 30 cm and treatment (T2) achieved highest number of capsules (16.05 capsules/plant), seeds (8.580 seeds/capsule) and highest weight of 1000 seeds reaching 7.873 g.
14. NGUYEN PHUOC MINH* [Influence of crop seasons to quality attributes of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L.) and cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) in the sub-tropical zone of Vietnam]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 99-104 (2023). Institute of Applied Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail: nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
Watermelon and cantaloupe are vital fruits that supply the basic energy requirement along with reduction in poverty of millions of farmers. However, the nutritional quality is influenced by soil, climatic condition and cultivation technique, adopted by the local farmers which needs to be explored in depth. Therefore, this research was conducted at Chon Thanh district, Binh Phuoc province, Vietnam in 2021 to survey the impact of crop seasons (winter-spring and autumn-winter) on the proximate composition, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of watermelon and cantaloupe fruits. This investigation was carried out on 24 orchards (for watermelon) and 18 green-houses (for cantaloupe) of Binh Phuoc province, Vietnam with total 216 watermelon fruits and 162 cantaloupe fruits in the winter–spring crop from October 2019 to March 2020; and total 216 watermelon fruits and 162 cantaloupe fruits in the autumn-winter crop from April 2020 to September 2020. Results showed that winter-spring provided a minor higher proximate composition, phenolic content and antioxidant activity on both the watermelon and cantaloupe fruits than ones grown in the autumn-winter season. It could be explained by the effect of crop seasons on the growth of fruits and accumulation of quality attributes.
15. K. M. POFU* AND P. W. MASHELA [Response of selected nutrient elements in pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaf tissues to the seed priming-and-drying technology in cucurbitacin phytonematicides]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 105-112 (2023). University of Limpopo, Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, Republic of South Africa *(e-mail: kgabo.pofu@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Priming-and-drying technology for pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds with hypogeal germination showed that the technology could improve plant growth and development, while suppressing nematode population densities, but without information on the potential causal factors for the former. A study was, therefore, conducted in Limpopo Province, South Africa, to investigate the extent to which plant responses could be associated with accumulation of foliar nutrient elements in pea plants post-subjecting pea seeds to the technology. After a 2-h priming of pea seeds in geometric concentration of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides and then air-dried in ovens at 26ºC for 72 h. Seeds were sown in 20-cm-diameter plastic pots filled with appropriate growing mixture, with one trial in the greenhouse and the other on microplots. At 60 days after sowing, 10 healthy mature leaves per plant were prepared for extraction of nutrient elements through the digestion method and then quantified in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ICPE-9000. Iron, Na, K and Zn in leaf tissues of pea plants versus increasing phytonematicides concentration, regardless of the growing condition, exhibited significant (P 0.05) negative or positive quadratic equations. In conclusion, results suggested that the priming-and-drying technology could affect pea plant growth through disproportionate accumulation of nutrient elements in foliar leaf tissues.
16. S. PREETHI*, K. N. RAGUMOORTHI, B. VINOTHKUMAR, V. BALASUBRAMANI AND D. KUMARESAN [Dissipation kinetics and dietary risk assessment of chlorantraniliprole residues in/on garden bean (Lablab purpureus var. typicus) using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 113-118 (2023). Department of Agricultural Entomology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003 (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: preethikaviprakash@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to find out the dissipation rate of the chlorantraniliprole residues in garden bean pods. Insecticides were sprayed at the farmers’ holding located at Naraseepuram, Coimbatore during the year 2022 (March to April), and the collected samples were processed and analyzed in the laboratory. An effective modified QuEChERS method was developed and validated to estimate the chlorantraniliprole residues in Ultra High-Performance Chromatography. Good linearity with R2>0.99 was achieved with the Limit of Quantification as 0.05 mg/kg. The relative standard deviation was below 5% for the recoveries obtained (93.30 to 97.91%). The residues persisted up to 10 and 15 days after treatment for recommended (20 g a.i./ha) and double the recommended doses (40 g a.i./ha), respectively. The half-life of chlorantraniliprole in garden beans was calculated as 2.18 days for recommended dose and 2.89 days for double the recommended dose. Intake of chlorantraniliprole residues through garden beans at either of the doses was found to be safe as the calculated Risk Quotient (RQ) was less than one.
17. AHMED HASHIM AL-MASHHADANY AND MOHAMMED ZEDAN KHALAF AL-MHARIB* [Effect of fertilizers starter solutions on growth and production of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 119-122 (2023). Department of Horticulture College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq *(e-mail: mohammed.m@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq)
ABSTRACT
The seedlings of vegetables are exposed to stress states, especially through the first period, due to injuring their roots by transplanting or heavy rain, so it is necessary to provide an available nutrient to recover the growth and increase their early yield, which means more income for farmers. In this regard, an experiment was conducted in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Agriculture Faculty, University of Baghdad, Iraq to study the effect of different types and concentrations of mineral fertilizers as starter solutions by using high nitrogen (N), high phosphorus (P) and neutral fertilizers (Q) at three levels which were 4 g/l (S1), 8 g/l (S2) and 12 g/l (S3) on broccoli growth and yield. The results showed that the treatment of adding the starter solution of the neutral fertilizer with a concentration of 8 g/l (QS2 treatment) significantly enhanced the main head weight (631.9 g/plant), the plant yield (1050.6 g/plant) and the total yield (35.02 t/ha) traits, and gave good results for the indicators of quality characteristics of heads, where the percentage of soluble solids was 9.06 and the percentage of nitrogen and protein (3.72 and 23.25, respectively). Therefore, the addition of starter solution to the nitrogen fertilizer at a concentration of 8 g/l (NS2 treatment) enhanced the number and weight of lateral head which gave 7.28 lateral heads/plant and 420.9 g/plant, respectively.
18. D. GOKUL, P. K. KARTHIKEYAN*, P. POONKODI, S. BABU, PATRICIA IMAS AND ADI PERELMAN [Influence of Polyhalite on growth and yield of sugarcane var. Co 11015 in typic Ustropepts]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 123-131 (2023). Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University Annamalainagar-608 002, Chidambram (Tamil Nadu), India *(e-mail: karthikeyanpk@hotmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Polyhalite is a natural mineral which contains potassium (K2O, 14%), sulphur (SO3, 48%), calcium (CaO, 17%) and magnesium (MgO, 6%). It is used as fertilizer for high value crops. Soil fertility, selection of fertilizer sources and application practices are all crucial factors in maximizing mineral nutrition during the cropping season. With an increasing demand for fertilizer, polyhalite was identified as a potassium source for crops. In view of this context, a present experimental work was conducted during 2021-22 at farmer’s field, Arachalur, Erode district, Tamil Nadu, India to study the influence of polyhalite on growth attributes, yield attributes and yield of sugarcane var. Co 11015. The experiment was conducted in sandy loam soil laid out in randomized block design with 10 treatments replicated thrice. The recommended dose of nitrogen and phosphorus was applied uniformly to all treatments. The potassium was applied in two sources, muriate of potash (MOP) and polyalite in different ratios and levels except control. The results of the field experiment revealed that sugarcane significantly responded to the application of two potassium sources and levels. The maximum values of growth attributes like plant height, number of leaves per stalk, leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll content, yield attributes and yield like, number of internodes per stalk, length of internode per millable cane, length of millable cane, diameter of millable cane, single cane weight, number of tillers per plant, number of millable cane, cane yield and sugar yield were recorded with application of RDF (NP alone) + 150% K (169.5 kg K2O/ha) as polyhalite (T8). The lowest respond was found in the treatment T1, which received RDF (NP alone).
19. Q. C. Nguyen, H. Y. T. Ngo* and M. H. T. Vu [Advantages of altering cropping schedules in the face of climate variability: A case study of Tan Ky sugarcane cultivation area, Nghe An province]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 132-138 (2023). Faculty of Geography, Hanoi National University of Education, Vietnam 136 Xuan Thuy Str., Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam *(e-mail: ngothihaiyen1976@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Tan Ky is known as one of the sugarcane cultivation regions (SCRs) of Nghe An Province, Vietnam. In recent years, the area is facing adverse weather factors, as a part of climate variability, resulting in a significant decrease in the income of cane growers. The study, therefore, is to estimate the benefits of the sugarcane growing practical (SGP) for the SCRs of Tan Ky district in the background of climate change and further seek effective adaptation solutions as well as optimize profits. Sugarcane yield was evaluated by simulating the APSIM-Sugar model (Version 7.0) based on the soil, crop varieties, field management and climate data during the period of 2000-21. The performance of the proposed model was appraised by comparing the simulated results with observed biomass and sugarcane yield data through the statistical indices with R2=0.83 ÷ 0.86, d=0.80 ÷ 0.88, and RMSE=0.16 ÷ 0.18. Results indicated that under the same cultivation conditions, the SGP in the adverse weather period could lead to a slight decline in the sugarcane yield around 6.8% for spring crop season compared to the favourable weather period. In general, the SGP across the SCRs of Tan Ky district are not suitable for the local cane growers and that may be one of the main causes leading to the decline in sugarcane yield and further decrease in cane growers’ incomes.
20. MAILA YVONNE* AND TSEKE PONTSHO [Responses of the nutritional value of the orange fleshed ‘Bophelo’ sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cultivar under various processing techniques]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 139-148 (2023). Limpopo Agro-food Technology Station University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa *(e-mail: yvonne.maila@ul.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a nutrient-dense root crop that is high in antioxidants. However, consumption was observed to decline, mainly as a result of the limited post-harvest processing methods. The boiling method is commonly used, however, leaching of the essential nutrients into the boiling water affects its nutritional value. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the effect of various processing techniques on the nutritional value of the orange fleshed ‘Bophelo’ sweet potato cultivar. A 2 × 3 factorial experiment, arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD), was conducted. Factors A comprised 2 preparations (unpeeled and peeled) methods and factor B comprised three processing (boiling, deep-frying and roasting) methods, which served as treatments, in triplicates. The unprocessed, raw-peeled and unpeeled samples represented the control. Data on vitamin C, beta carotene, total phenolic, starch and protein were determined and recorded. In the peeled form, roasted samples had the highest nutritional accumulation (vitamin C 21.03 mg/100 mL, beta-carotene 64.6 µg/100 g, starch 5.86 g/mL and protein 0.3 mg/L), whereas in the unpeeled form, higher total phenolic (80.7 mg/GAE/g) was retained. The deep-frying method favoured vitamin C (10.00 mg/100 mL) and starch (13.6 g/ml) in the peeled form, but in the unpeeled form, beta-carotene (32.0 µg/100 g), total phenolic (66.2 mg/GAE/g) and protein (1.5 mg/l) were retained. The boiling method retained low levels of vitamin C (3.35 mg/100 ml), beta carotene (54.8 µg/100 g), total phenolic (43.5 mg/GAE/g) and protein (1.3 mg/l) in peeled forms, whereas starch (8.59 g/ml) was retained in the unpeeled samples. In conclusion, the roasting method demonstrated high retention of the tested nutritional value in ‘Bophelo’ sweet potato samples.
21. MURGAYANTI, ANNE NURAINI*, UKUN Soedjanaatmadja AND AGUNG KARUNIAWAN** [Yield and yield quality characteristics of two varieties of sweet potato under different watering intervals]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 149-157 (2023). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km. 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia (e-mail: *anne.nuraini@unpad.ac.id; **agung.karuniawan@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Climate change significantly impacts sweet potato production because of the high potential for drought conditions. Understanding the regional impacts of climate change on the irrigation interval is important for effective water resource management. This study aims at determining the influence of the irrigation interval on the drought tolerance responses of two new sweet potato varieties from Universitas Padjadjaran. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) with two factors. The first factor was two varieties of sweet potato i.e. Awachy-1 (Orange-Fleshed) and Biang (Purple-Fleshed); and the second factor was the irrigation interval (1, 3, 5 and 7 days). This research was conducted in a screen house of Ciparanje experimental field station, Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor. Experimental results showed no interaction between the irrigation intervals and the varieties on the sweet potato’s yield components and nutritional content. Biang provided the most optimal result regarding the number of tubers and dry mass, despite being watered once every three days. Biang also produced a higher number of tubers, shorter sweet potato length and higher dry weight than Awachy-1 in every irrigation interval. Biang also showed a higher value for nutritional content than Awachy 1 on total soluble solids, sugar and carbohydrate content. The optimal water usage to store the root yield of Biang and Awachy-1 is one to three days of irrigation intervals on the sweet potato’s tuber diameter and the plant’s dry weight. However, the irrigation interval that most significantly improved the weight of the tuber was one day, while the increased nutritional content of the tuber was three days. Biang and Awachy-1 cultivars could survive under drought conditions, although some yield components had decreased. These results suggested that the varieties or watering interval affected sweet potato growth and yield components.
22. Nguyen Phuoc Minh* [Effect of blanching and convective drying on phytochemical constituents of dried tea from white mulberry (Morus alba) leaf]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 158-165 (2023). Institute of Applied Technology Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *(e-mail: nguyenphuocminh@tdmu.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
White mulberry (Morus alba) leaf is highly valued due to its health-promoting attributes. It is specified by a great content of phytochemical constituents with excellent antioxidant properties. This research was conducted at STNanotech Laboratory in 2021 to evaluate the dried tea production from the white mulberry leaf. The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH free radical scavenging, FRAP ferric reducing antioxidant and beta-carotene bleaching activity in the raw white mulberry leaf were primarily analyzed. The raw white mulberry leaf was blanched in different conditions (100/5, 95/10, 90/15, 85/20 and 80/25 oC/s) to inactivate enzymes. The blanched leaves were cut into small pieces with dimension of 0.5 × 3.5 cm. The cut mulberry leaves were then convective-dried at different conditions (50/18, 55/15, 60/12, 65/9, and 70/6 oC/h) by a convective dryer. Dried tea was left to cool and ready for testing of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH free radical scavenging, FRAP ferric reducing antioxidant and beta-carotene bleaching activity. Results showed that raw mulberry leaves should be blanched in hot water at 95/10 (oC/s) and convective-dried at 60/12 (oC/h) to maintain the highest bioactive contents and antioxidant properties. The dried mulberry leaf tea still retained the most valuable ingredients in raw material.
23. P. V. SINDHU*, C. BEENA AND P. SINDHUMOLE [Phytosphere management for enhancing root yield and quality in a highly traded medicinal plant, Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 166-170 (2023). AICRP on Medicinal Aromatic Plants and Betelvine, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur-680 656 (Kerala), India *(e-mal: pv.sindhu@kau.in)
ABSTRACT
Phytosphere management studies for Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC., an essential herbal remedy used in the Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medical systems, were carried out at AICRP on MAP & B, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University. Treatments for standardizing shade requirements were 25% shade, 50% shade, 75% shade, and completely open growing conditions. The organic manuring treatments included basal application of FYM @ 10 t/ha, FYM @15 t/ha, vermicompost (to supply N equivalent to FYM 10 t/ha), vermicompost (to supply N equivalent to FYM 15 t/ha), coir pith compost (to supply N equivalent to FYM 10 t/ha), coir pith compost (to supply N equivalent to FYM 15 t/ha) and absolute control. Under 75% shade, the highest root production of 7589 kg/ha was observed. The lowest root yield was produced in the open condition (49% lower than the treatment with the highest yield). According to the findings, D. gangeticum could be used as a component in agroforestry systems with a high shade intensity. The root yields were comparable under 50 and 25% shaded conditions. The basal application of farm yard manure at 10 or 15 t/ha produced the highest root yield and total alkaloid content among organic manures. After two years of the experiment, the soil nutrient status revealed a decrease in the amounts of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compared to the starting level. The absolute control showed the most significant nutrient depletion, emphasizing the importance of providing crops with manures or fertilizers.
24. Ydyrys Alibek*, Nurshat Abdolla, Muratzhan Masimzhan, Zhanna Abdrasulova and Sayagul Syraiyl [Cultivation and resource of Artemisia schrenkiana (L.) for increased pharmaceutical perspective]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 171-178 (2023). Al-Farabi Kazakh National University al-Farabi av. 71, 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan *(e-mail: Alibek.ydyrys@kaznu.edu.kz)
ABSTRACT
Studying the source and cultivation conditions of medicinal plants, growing them in the field of agriculture, and determining new prospects for production is one of the topical topics. This research was conducted in 2022 in the south-eastern territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research work was carried out using geobotanical and biological methods. In this article, the authors describe that contains opposing points of view on the problem considered in the importance of cultivation and resource of agricultural systems medical plant, Artemisia schrenkiana L. The article presents the results of the plant community of the area where the A. schrenkiana Ledeb plant grows in the south-east of Kazakhstan and laboratory seed productivity. As a result of the research, the authors have described 163 plant species belonging to 31 families and 116 genera from the plant community, making a comprehensive analysis of the microclimatic conditions, terrain structure and floral composition of the area where the A. schrenkiana Ledeb plant grows. Laboratory experiments showed high germination of A. schrenkiana seeds, but the germination of seeds collected from different populations was different: for example, No. 2 population seeds had the highest laboratory germination. This was probably due to the remoteness of these populations from anthropogenic factors. because 1 and No. 3 populations of A. schrenkiana were found in the vicinity of settlements, while No. 2 populations were located in pastures far from villages. According to the natural resource analysis, the following five genera dominated by the number of species in the places where A. schrenkiana Ledeb grows: Gramineae Juss. Poaceae, Compositae Giseke., Chenopodiaceae Vent., Leguminosae Juss. and Boraginaceae Juss. The plants in the studied community were classified according to their useful properties as follows: 157 species value plants, 38 species of medicinal plants, five species of poisonous plants, 10 species of essential oil plants, three species of succulent plants and three species of ornamental plants. Currently, no external factor had a strong negative impact on the plant community where A. schrenkiana Ledeb, a plant with medicinal potential and important in agriculture.
25. T. A. MASENYA*, S. W. MABILA, T. HLOPHE AND M. L. LETSOALO [Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on growth of cancer bush (Sutherlandia frutescens) and alleviation of saline stress]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 179-184 (2023). 1School of Agriculture, University of Mpumalanga Private Bag X11283, Mbombela, South Africa *(e-mail: abby.masenya@ump.ac.za)
ABSTRACT
Lack of arable land on a global scale, agricultural malpractices and high soil salinity have prompted the development of alternative eco-friendly ways to increase crop production. The usage of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) has been reported to positively improve crop production under harsh soil conditions but no such effort has fixated on traditional underutilized crops such as cancer bush (Sutherlandia frutescens). Given its significance as a versatile remedial crop, it is critical to cultivate this plant and regulate the agronomic necessities for its effective cultivation. Therefore, two separate experiments were conducted at the University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa in 2021 and 2022, with an objective to investigate whether VAM will improve growth of cancer bush under saline soil conditions. Three weeks old cancer bush seedlings were planted in pots under microplot conditions in a 4 × 4 factorial treatment arrangement in a randomized complete block design. The seedlings were grown in four geometric series of NaCl : CaCl2 (3 : 1) of artificial chloride salinity levels: 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 dS/m and four levels of VAM: 0,10, 20, and 30 g/pot, with four replications in the two successive years. At 60 days after initiation of treatments, dry root mass and number of branches were significantly affected by treatments in Experiment 1, with total treatment variation (TTV) of 11-17 and 9-34% respectively, of the variables. Dry shoot mass was significantly affected by treatments in Experiment 2, with TTV of 26-32%. In both the experiments, treatments had significant effects on soil EC, contributing 26-42% in TTV in Experiment 1, whereas in Experiment 2 the treatments contributed 4-76% in TTV of the respective variable. In conclusion, findings in the current study demonstrated that VAM in presence of salinity improved growth relative to plants under saline stress.
26. A. M. BELYAKOV AND M. V. NAZAROVA* [Techniques for the formation of ecologically balanced agro-landscapes in the dry steppe zone of the Volgograd region, Russia]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 185-190 (2023). Federal State Budget Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FSC of Agroecology RAS), 400062 Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: mn1967@list.ru)
ABSTRACT
The agrolandscapes and soils of southern Russia in the region of chestnut soils, due to soil and climatic features, with an increase in anthropogenic pressure, are subject to significant deterioration, the criterion of which is the level of crop yields below 5 c/ha in grain units. So, only in the Volgograd region at the moment the area of degraded agricultural land is about 1.3 million hectares. The purpose of the research conducted in 1997-2022 is to develop a set of organizational and technological methods for the formation of ecologically balanced agricultural landscapes in the dry steppe zone of chestnut soils. As a result of the research, the weight of each technological method, an element of the system structure is established and a set of organizational, agrotechnological and forest amelioration measures for the formation of ecologically balanced agricultural landscapes for the dry steppe zone of chestnut soils in southern Russia is synthesized, which provides not only the preservation of landscapes and agrolandscapes of the arid zone, but also allows you to form a new paradigm of sustainable farming and land use to achieve a given quantity and quality of products of the agricultural sector of the economy.
27. A. V. KOSHELEV* AND V. A. VEDENEEVA [Biological reclamation of disturbed agricultural lands in the Volgograd Trans-Volga region]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 191-197 (2023). Federal State Budget Scientific Institution (Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences) (FSC of Agroecology RAS), 400062 Volgograd, Russia *(e-mail: alexkosh@mail.ru)
ABSTRACT
Earthworks, such as mining, construction, laying pipes for various purposes and other activities, result in the loss of ecological systems, particularly soil cover integrity. Land reclamation allows for the establishment of a fertile soil layer, soil structure, and the accumulation of humus and other nutrients up to the level of fertility that existed before the violation. The article presents a comparative analysis of the main indicators of soil fertility of agricultural lands (pasture, hayfield, arable land) in its natural state and in the disturbed one caused by the overhaul of the main gas pipeline. The purpose of the research conducted in 2020 was in the dry-steppe zone of chestnut soils of the Volgograd region to analyze the indicators of fertility of agricultural lands that are in their natural state and subject to reclamation with an estimation of restoration costs. To characterize the level of soil fertility, the main indicators of fertility have been considered: particle size distribution, content of organic matter (humus), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S) and pH, which reliably characterized soil fertility in the given soil-climatic conditions of the dry steppe zone of the Volgograd region. As a result of the estimation, it was found that the cost of restoring 1 ha of arable land made 2607.13 euro, and the cost of restoring 1 ha of pasture (haymaking) reached 2096.62 euro.
28. SANTI ROSNIAWATY*, INTAN RATNA DEWI ANJARSARI, RIJA SUDIRJA, SYARIFUL MUBAROK AND DWI FATMAWATI [Effect of growth regulators and organic matter on the growth of Sappan wood seedlings (Caesalpinia sappan L.)]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 198-209 (2023). Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia *(e-mail: santi.rosniawaty@unpad.ac.id)
ABSTRACT
Sappan wood is a useful woody plant from Brazil that could possibly be utilized as a natural dye. The generative proliferation of Sappan wood is hindered by its sluggish seed germination (dormancy), which necessitates greater efforts to break seed dormancy through the use of plant growth regulator (PGR) and organic matter as a planting media mixture to improve seedling growth. This study was conducted during dry season from June to September 2022 at experimental field of Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran_with an aim to determine the effect of PGR (IAA, NAA, BAP) and organic matter (cow manure) on the growth of Sappan wood seeds. The design used was a randomized block design (RBD) with 14 combination treatments of different types of PGR with the concentration of 1.25 ppm and the use of organic matter that is cow manure (comparison 2:1) with three replications. The data obtained were then processed using one-way ANOVA and continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 95% confidence level. The use of plant growth regulators (auxin and cytokinin) and organic matter affected the growth of Sappan wood seedlings, especially on the variables of seedling height (22.37 cm), stem diameter (3.89 mm), number of leaves (8.67), leaf area (104.84 cm2), root length (26.03 cm), dry weight of roots (1.15 g) and dry weight of the stem (1.6 g), but it was not significantly affected by the root volume. The combination of IAA+BAP 1.25 ppm and organic matter in the form of cow manure (2 : 1) was selected as the best treatment to increase the growth of Sappan wood seedlings.
29. L. S. Shestakov* [Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys Stl) vibration signals from a recently established invasive population in Krasnodar region of Russia]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 210-214 (2023). Institute for Information Transmission Problems Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051, Russia *(e-mail: zicrona@yandex.ru)
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out because the marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) appeared in the south of Russia a few years ago and is actively expanding its habitat. The repertoire of vibration signals of marmorated stink bug from the population in Sochi, Krasnodar region of Russia was studied. It was found that the repertoire of songs partially differed from the repertoire described for populations of this species from other regions. We recorded two types of songs: the signal of males emitted in the presence of a female, and the “tremulation” before copulation. Therefore, these vibration signals registered from the marmorated stink bug from the population of the south Russia were further studied.
30. K. H. LE, T. H. D. TRAN AND D. H. TRAN* [Developmental biology of the coconut black-headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae)]. Res. Crop. 24 (1): 215-218 (2023). Faculty of Agronomy, Nong Lam University Linh Trung, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam *(e-mail: tdanghoa@hueuni.edu.vn)
ABSTRACT
The coconut black-headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae) has been one of the most serious defoliators of coconut plants in Vietnam. This study was carried out at the Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Agronomy, Nong Lam University, Vietnam during 2020-21 to determine some biological characteristics of O. arenosella at a constant temperature of 28oC and a photoperiod of 12L : 12D. It was concluded from this study that the total developmental time from egg to adult emergence of O. arenosella was 57.7 days for female and 52.6 days for male. The eggs hatched in 6.1 days after oviposition. The duration of the larval period was 41.2 days. The pupal development lasted for an average of 3.6 days. The females produced a mean of 278.8 eggs during an average lifespan of 4.9 days. The longevity of the female (4.9 days) was shorter than that of the male (10.7 days). The knowledge of the basic biological characteristics of this caterpillar is of fundamental importance for facilitating improved timing of application of control measures and mass-rearing techniques for O. arenosella to supply insect hosts to mass-rearing of its parasitoids.
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